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DISEASE,
DIABETES, ASTHMA
& HIV/AIDS
FAREZADI ZAFRY
LECTURER,
FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
UITM
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Alzheimers Disease
Diabetes
Asthma
HIV/AIDS
Impact of Chronic Illness
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Alzheimer's disease - a degenerative disease of
the brain and a major source of impairment
among older people.
Two forms of the disease exist early-onset
(uncommon, & typically occurs before 60 y.o.) &
late-onset (usually begins after 60 y.o.)
Risk-factors: early-onset genetic defect; lateonset protein involved in cholesterol metabolism
Environmental factors also contribute to the risk
of developing AD
The behavioral risks for AD are similar to those for
CVD & cancer, & the behaviors that offer
protection are also similar
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
AD is difficult to diagnose because many of the of
symptoms of Alzheimers overlap with symptoms of
other illnesses
symptoms include memory loss, language problems,
agitation and irritability, sleep disorders,
suspiciousness and paranoia, incontinence, sexual
disorders, wandering, depression, and loss of ability
to perform routine self-care
Helping the Patient
AD is presently incurable, & drugs have only limited
ability to slow the progression of the disease
Symptoms of the disease can be managed by
changing situations in patients' environment that
prompt undesirable behavior
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Several psychological interventions can be
used to enhance memory and to help
patients cope with depression and problems
of disorientation
Helping the Family
The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease are
particularly distressing to family members.
Emotional outbursts, suspiciousness, anger,
& agitation by a previously gentle, loving
person can baffle family members & disrupt
normal family functioning
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
As the disease progresses, care is required
because the Alzheimer's patient may wander
away from home at any time of the day or night,
become disoriented & upset, and lose the ability
to perform routine self care
People who care for Alzheimer's patients must
have the time, energy, & skills to perform
appropriate care, & they must also care for
themselves
Caring for Alzheimer's patients is particularly
stressful, & support groups & other psychosocial
interventions often help caregivers cope with
the strain of living with an Alzheimers patient
DIABETES
Traditionally, Type 1 diabetes was called juvenileonset diabetes & Type 2 diabetes was referred to
as adult-onset diabetes
Nowadays: insulin-dependent (IDDM) or Type 1 and
noninsulindependent (NIDDM) or Type 2
Both types of diabetes mellitus require changes in
lifestyle, including the frequent monitoring of blood
glucose and strict compliance to treatment
regimen
The Physiology of Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is caused by an insulin deficiency
The islet cells of the pancreas produce glucagon,
which stimulates the release of glucose, & insulin
which allows cells to use glucose
DIABETES
If the islet cells do not produce adequate insulin,
excessive sugar accumulates in the blood & urine
Patients' inability to regulate blood sugar often causes
other health problems such as CVD, retina damage, &
kidney diseases.
If unregulated, diabetes may cause blindness, coma,
& even death
The Impact of Diabetes
diagnosis of Type I diabetes affects both the child and
the parents. The child is labeled as sick or different,
faces a lifetime of coping with chronic disease. Insulin
injections & careful monitoring of diet are necessary.
Parents must be constantly vigilant to ensure that
child complies with a difficult treatment regimen
DIABETES
Although Type 2 diabetes does not usually
require insulin injections, it does demand
lifestyle changes such as diet & oral
medication. The lives of Type 2 diabetics
are not drastically changed by the disease,
although some patients refuse to comply to
their treatment regimen and become either
aggressive toward others or slip into a
chronic depression
DIABETES
Health Psychology's Involvement with Diabetes
involvement in both investigating and treating
diabetes.
Research has concentrated on
1. stress as a factor in the development of diabetes
and in the regulation of glucose metabolism
2. The ways that diabetics conceptualize their
disease
3. The dynamics of families with diabetic children
4. reasons for noncompliance.
Finding ways to help people with diabetes
manage their care is an important goal
ASTHMA
The death rate from asthma is not high, but it is the
largest cause of disability among children
The Disease of Asthma
is a chronic disease that causes constriction of the
bronchial tubes, preventing air from passing freely.
People with asthma may go for long periods of time
without any problems in breathing, but an attack may
occur at any time
may be due to genetic vulnerability that makes the
immune system of some infants respond with an
allergic reaction to certain substances in the
environment
People with this vulnerability & who are exposed to
these substances develop asthma, whereas other
people do not
ASTHMA
Another view, the hygiene hypothesis, holds that
asthma is a result of the cleanliness that has
become common in modern societies. In hygienic
environments infants encounter too little bacteria
& dirt which leaves their immune systems
underprepared to deal with these substances
In addition to environmental triggers &
underdeveloped immune systems, risk factors for
asthma include sedentary lifestyle & obesity
Managing Asthma
Like diabetes, asthma can be managed, but it
requires daily attention to symptoms & frequent
contact with the health care system
ASTHMA
Managing asthma requires various
medications as well as learning personal
triggers and avoiding them
Drugs for asthma often have unpleasant
side effects, e.g. weight gain and lack of
energy
Asthma attacks can cause respiratory
failure, which may be fatal, making the
experience frightening & dangerous
Also like diabetes, teaching self-care skills is
a major goal