TBB1043/TCB1043

COMPUTER ORGANISATION
Introduction to Computer
Organisation

Saipunidzam Mahamad

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Learning objectives
Introduction to Computer Architecture and
Computer Organisation
Basic Computer System
Computer User
Computer Task
Data Processing

Component of a Computer System

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Typical Computer Ad

Is the computer fast enough to run necessary programs?

Is the computer cost-effective?
Will it be obsolete in 6 months?
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Why Study Computer

Organisation?
User
Understand system capabilities and limitations
Make informed decisions
Improve communications with information technology professionals

Systems Analyst
Conduct surveys, determine feasibility and define and document user
requirements
Able to understand the technical specification
Specify computer systems to meet application requirements

Programmer
Create efficient application software for specific processing needs
Know how to manage the errors.
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Why Study Computer

Organisation?
System Administrator / Manager

Install, configure, maintain, and upgrade computer systems

Maximize system availability
Optimize system performance
Ensure system security

Web Designer

Optimize customer accessibility to Web services

System administration of Web servers
Select appropriate data formats
Design efficient Web pages

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What is Architecture
Computer Architecture helps us understand how
all the following activities are perform internally
from a programmers point of view
Drawing & Painting
Making Decision
Typing
Displaying & Visualising
Playing movies & Music

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Remembering
Editing
Printing
Connecting
Chatting

1000s of Instruction
Adding & Subtracting
Dividing & Multiplying
Shifting & Comparing

What is Architecture
The architecture of the computer system is
made up of the hardware and system
software. Then, a communication
component exists to enable interconnecting
systems.
Computer architecture refers to the way the
system and its resources appear to the user,
especially to the programmer.
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What is Organisation
Computer Organisation describes the hardware
devices and interconnections used to implement
the following task:
Addition
Multiplication
Subtraction
Shifting

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Storage
Memory Access
Addressing Mode
I/O Control

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Electronic Signals
Controllers (CPU)
Memory Devices
Interfaces
Integrated Circuits

Computer Organisation
Computer organisation describes how the
systems components are organised internally
and interconnected to realise the computers
architecture.
A family of computers may have a common
architecture, but each members of the family may
be organised in a different way internally to achieve
that architecture. Yet some internal factors may have
a profound, although hidden, effect on the
behaviour of the system as seen by a programmer
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Architecture vs. Organisation

Architecture is concerned by those attribute
visible to the programmer (either at the higher or
lower levels)

Instruction set (for CPU chips), data bits, address bits, I/O operations,
memory and device addressing techniques.
Can we divide or multiply numbers with one instruction?

Organisation is how features are implemented

Control signals, interface, memory technology
Is there a hardware device that we can use to perform an arithmetic
division or a multiplication in one go or can we only do so by repeated
arithmetic addition
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Architecture vs. Organisation

Intel X86-based family of computers share the
same basic architecture.
Back-compatibility ensured. Program that run on Intel486 based
computers, also run Intel386, Intel286 and Intel86 based computers

IBM System/370 family share same basic

architecture
Back-compatibility ensured

Organisation may be different from one model

to another or from one version to another
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Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)

Input: keyboard, mouse,
scanner, punch cards,
Magnetic Tapes, Floppy
Disks, Hard Disks, CDROMs, Card Reader
(e.g. Credit Card, Smart
Card, Touch Card,
Loyalty Card), Network
Devices Infra-red
Readers
Processing: CPU
executes the computer
program
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Output: monitor, printer, fax

machine, plotters, Magnetic Tapes,
Floppy Disks, Hard Disks, CDRWs, Network Devices
Storage: hard drive, optical media,
diskettes, magnetic tape

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Basic Data Processing: Data

movement operation
Input/Output
Data Storage and
Retrieval
Internet Downloads
Wireless Transmission and
Reception of Data
Basic Arithmetic and
Logical Operation
Sorting Data

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Data Transformation or
Translation (e.g. program
compilation, file updating)

Searching Data Storage

for Matches
True/False Decision
Making and Branching
(Ifthenelse)
Loop and Repeated Tasks

An Example: An ATM Machine

ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) Operation:
Retrieve
Customer
Keypad (Pin Number)
Account
Information

Input

Process

(Check Transaction)
Update
Account

Output
(Screen Display)
(Printing Receipt)
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Component of a Computer System

The Hardware Component

The Software
Component

The Data Component

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Computer System Components

Hardware
Processes data by executing instructions
Provides input and output

Software
Instructions executed by the system

Data
Fundamental representation of facts and observations
Eg Files, Databases and Hardcopy

Communications
Sharing data and processing among different systems
Eg: Network Connections, Protocol and Devices
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Hardware Component
Input/Output devices - Physical devices used to
input/output, and manipulate or process data
Storage Devices
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
ALU: arithmetic/logic unit
CU: control unit
Interface unit

Memory
Short-term storage for CPU calculations
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Typical Personal Computer System

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The CPU - Top Level View

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CPU: Central Processing Unit

ALU: arithmetic/logic unit

Performs arithmetic and
Boolean logical calculations
e.g. multiplication, division
or comparison of numbers.
Most computer operation
are executed in ALU
Much faster than other
devices - enables a single
processor to control a
number of external devices
such as video terminal,
magnetic tape, disk memory
etc.

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IU: Interface Unit

also known as Registers Unit
Ensuring communication between
the CPU and the other components
of the computer such as memory and
I/O peripheral devices.
Moves instructions and data between
the CPU and other hardware
components
CU: Control Unit
Controls processing of instructions
Controls movement of data within
the CPU
CU is a centre that sends control
signals to other units and senses their
states.

Memory
Also known as primary storage, working
storage, and RAM (random access memory)
Consists of bits, each of which hold a value of
either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1 byte)
Holds both instructions and data of a
computer program (stored program concept)
The main memory contains a large number of
semiconductor storage cells, each capable of
storing one bit of information
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Memory
Memory is always measured in terms of Bytes,
Kilobytes, Megabytes or Gigabytes.
1 Byte = 8 Bits
1KB(Kilobytes) = 1024 Bytes
1MB(Megabytes) = 1024 Kilobytes = 1048576 Bytes
1GB(Gigabytes) = 1024 Megabytes = 1073741824 Bytes
1TB(Terabytes) = 1024 Gigabytes

Size of the primary memory can help to determine:

The largest program (including its data) that can be loaded into a
computer and executed in one go.
How fast a computer executes a program.
How much computer might cost.
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Software Component
Programmable instruction that tell the hardware what to do
and how to behave
System Software - (usually tight linked to the hardware and
can be modified only by the manufacturer of the hardware,
e.g. Operating System, Device Derives, etc). It is usually
stored in Read Only Memory (ROM)

Application Software: High level programmers (using

VB or C++ or Pascal or Delphi) write programmes that
enhance and extend the functionality of a computer.
(Ms Word, Netscape, Adobe Acrobat Reader, Lotus 12-3, etc)
Application Programmers Interface - API (A key for
an end-user programmer to talk to the system software)
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The Software Component

The most important and vital part of the software (OS)
component. It is responsible for:
Managing all hardware elements in a computer.
Managing all software (both application & system
software).
Aspects managed include:
which software runs first(priority),
how much temporary memory (or RAM) is allocated to
a software programme(resources),
does a software have read/write access to a data file
(access privileges).
Responding to user requests by taking appropriate actions,
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Software Component
Applications
Operating System: collection
of many software units that
have each specific function
API: application program
interface
File management
I/O
Kernel

Memory management
Resource scheduling
Program communication
Security

Network Module
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Communications Component
Hardware
Communication channels
Physical connections between computer systems
Examples: wire cable, phone lines, fiber optic cable, infrared
light, radio waves

Interface hardware
Handles communication between the computer and the
communication channel
Modem or network interface card (NIC)

Software
Network protocols: HTTP, TCP/IP, ATAPI
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Computer Systems
All computer systems, no matter how complex,
consists of the following:
At least one CPU
Memory to hold programs and data
I/O devices
Long-term storage

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Protocols
Common ground rules of communication
between computers, I/O devices, and many
software programs
Examples
HTTP: between Web servers and Web browsers
TCP/IP: between computers on the Internet and
local area networks
ATAPI: between a CPU and CD-ROMs
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Standards
Created to ensure universal compatibility of data
formats and protocols
May be created by committee or may become a de
facto standard through popular use
Examples:

Computer languages: Java, SQL, C, JavaScript

Display standards: Postscript, MPEG-2, JPEG, GIF
Character set standards: ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC
Video standards: VGA, XGA, RGB

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Early History
1642: Blaise Pascal invents a calculating machine
1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that
uses punch cards
1800s:
Charles Babbage attempts to build an analytical engine
(mechanical computer)
Augusta Ada Byron develops many of the fundamental
concepts of programming
George Boole invents Boolean logic.
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Modern Computer Development

1937: Mark I is built (Aiken, Harvard University, IBM).
First electronic computer using relays.

1939: ABC is built

First fully electronic digital computer. Used vacuum tubes.

1943-46: ENIAC (Mauchly, Eckert, University of

Pennsylvania).
First general purpose digital computer.

1945: Von Neumann architecture proposed.

Still the standard for present day computers.

1947: Creation of transistor

(Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain, Bell Labs).

1951: UNIVAC.
First commercially available computer.
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Early Computers

Babbages Analytical Engine

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ENIAC

Summary
Introducing Computer Organisation &
Architecture
Architecture vs. Organisation
Basic Computer Task and Data Processing
Component of a Computer System
Input-Process-Output model
Demonstrated the connection between the model
and the component of the computer system
The implementation of the model requires four
components: hardware, software, communication and
data

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Summary
A computer-based information system
component:
The data element
Data is the fundamental representation of facts and observations
Data is processed by a computer system to provide the information
that is the very reason for the computers existence
Data can take on number of different forms (e.g. files, databases)

The hardware element

Computer hardware processes the data by executing instruction,
storing data and moving data and information between the various
input and output devices to make the system and the information
accessible to the users.
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Summary
A computer-based information system
component:
The software element
Software consists of the system and application programs that
define the instructions that are executed by the hardware.
Its determines the work to be performed and controls operation
of the system

The communication element

Modern computer information system depend on the ability to
share processing operations and data among different
computers and users, located both locally and remotely
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Summary
Basically every computer system consists:
CPU (Central processing unit),
where all the processing takes places

Memory
to hold the programs and data while they are being processed

Storage
long term storage, usually disks and tapes

Input and Output - keyboard, monitor

What Next???
Read textbook supplementary chapter 1
Next Lecture on Fundamental Building Block of Computer
Saipunidzam Mahamad

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