Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Routing Fundamentals
and Subnetting
Version 3.0
Routable Protocols
A protocol is a set of rules that determines how computers
communicate with each other across networks
A protocol describes the following:
The format that a message must conform to
The way in which computers must exchange a
message within the context of a particular activity
Version 3.0
Routed Protocols
A routed protocol allows the router to forward data
between nodes on different networks.
it must have the ability to assign a network number and
a host number to each individual device
These protocols also require a network mask (subnet
mask) in order to differentiate between the network and
host portion of the address.
Version 3.0
Routable Protocols
Version 3.0
Encapsulation Process
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
Version 3.0
Transport Layer
Version 3.0
Version 3.0
IP
Data is encapsulated into packets, also known as
datagrams at the network layer of the OSI model.
Version 3.0
Version 3.0
IP Header
Version 3.0
10
Network Layer
Routing is an OSI Layer 3
function
Routing is the process of
finding the most efficient
path from one device to
another
The primary device that
performs the routing process
is the router
Version 3.0
11
Routers
A router is a network
layer device that uses
one or more routing
metrics to determine the
optimal path along which
network traffic should be
forwarded
Routers make logical
decisions regarding the
best path for the delivery
of data
Version 3.0
Routers
This process breaks up the data stream into segments, adds the
appropriate headers and trailers then transmits the data. The deencapsulation process is the opposite process, removing the headers
and trailers, then recombining the data into a seamless stream
Version 3.0
13
14
Version 3.0
15
Each computer and router interface maintains an ARP table for Layer
2 communication. The ARP table is only effective for the broadcast
domain (or LAN) that it is connected to.
The router also maintains a routing table that allows it to route data
outside of the broadcast domain
Each ARP table contains an IP-MAC address pair
Version 3.0
16
Version 3.0
17
Version 3.0
18
Version 3.0
19
20
Path Determination
Path determination occurs at the network layer
It enables a router to compare the destination address to the
available routes in its routing table, and to select the best path
The routers learn of these available routes through static
routing or dynamic routing
Routes configured manually by the network administrator are
static routes
Routes learned by others routers using a routing protocol are
dynamic routes
Each router that the packet encounters along the way is called
a hop. The hop count is the distanced traveled
Version 3.0
21
Routing Tables
Routers use routing protocols to build and maintain routing
tables that contain route information
Routers keep track of important information in their routing
tables, including the following:
Protocol type The type of routing protocol that created the
routing table entry
Destination/next-hop associations
Routing metric
Outbound interfaces
Version 3.0
22
23
Version 3.0
24
Version 3.0
25
26
27
Version 3.0
28
Subnetting
Subnetting provides manageability, enables the network
administrator to provide broadcast containment, and low-level
security on the LAN.
Subnet addresses include the Class A, Class B, and Class C
network portion, plus a subnet field and a host field. The subnet
field and the host field are created from the original host portion
of the major IP address.
A LAN is seen as a single network with no knowledge of the
internal network structure. This view of the network keeps the
routing tables small and efficient.
Version 3.0
29
Subnet Mask
The subnet mask gives the router the information required to
determine in which network and subnet a particular host resides
The subnet octet or octets are determined by adding the
position value of the bits that were borrowed. If three bits were
borrowed, the mask for a Class C address would be
255.255.255.224.
This mask may also be represented, in the slash format, as /27.
The number following the slash is the total number of bits that
were used for the network and subnetwork portion.
Version 3.0
30
Subnetting Formula
Number of usable subnets equals two to the power of the
assigned subnet bits or borrowed bits, minus two (reserved
addresses for subnetwork id and subnetwork broadcast)
2 power of borrowed bits 2 = usable subnets
23 = 8 - 2 = 6 usable subnets
31
ANDing Process
Routers use subnet masks to determine the home subnetwork
for individual nodes. This process is referred to as logical
ANDing.
ANDing is a binary process by which the router calculates the
subnetwork ID for an incoming packet.
Version 3.0
32