Chapter 9

Models of Chemical Bonding

9-1

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Models of Chemical Bonding

9.1 Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonds
9.2 The Ionic Bonding Model
9.3 The Covalent Bonding Model
9.4 Bond Energy and Chemical Change
9.5 Between the Extremes: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

9-2

Figure 9.1

9-3

A general comparison of metals and nonmetals.

Types of Chemical Bonding

1. Metal with nonmetal:

electron transfer and ionic bonding
2. Nonmetal with nonmetal:
electron sharing and covalent bonding
3. Metal with metal:
electron pooling and metallic bonding

9-4

Figure 9.2

9-5

The three models of chemical bonding.

Lewis Electron-Dot Symbols

For main group elements The A group number gives the number of valence electrons.
Place one dot per valence electron on each of the four sides
of the element symbol.
Pair the dots (electrons) until all of the valence electrons are used.

Example:
Nitrogen, N, is in Group 5A and therefore, has 5 valence electrons.

. N. .

.
. N:
.

.
. N.

9-6

.
:N .
.

Figure 9.4

Lewis electron-dot symbols for elements in Periods 2 and 3.

9-7

SAMPLE PROBLEM 9.1

PROBLEM:

PLAN:

Use partial orbital diagrams and Lewis symbols to depict the

formation of Na+ and O2- ions from the atoms, and determine
the formula of the compound the ions form.
Draw orbital diagrams for the atoms and then move electrons to
make filled outer levels. It can be seen that two Na atoms are
needed for each O atom.

SOLUTION:

9-8

Depicting Ion Formation

Figure 9.5

9-9

Three ways to represent the formation of Li+ and Fthrough electron transfer.

Periodic Trends in Lattice Energy

Coulombs law
charge A x charge B
Electrostatic force
energy = force x distance

distance
therefore,

cation charge x anion charge

Electrostatic energy

9-10

cation radius + anion radius

H0lattice

Figure 9.7

9-11

Trends in lattice energy.

Figure 9.8 Electrostatic forces and the reason ionic compounds

crack.

9-12

Figure 9.9

9-13

Electrical conductance and ion mobility.

9-14

Figure 9.10

9-15

Covalent bond formation in H2.

Figure 9.11

9-16

Distribution of electron density of H2.

9-17

Figure 9.12

9-18

Bond length and covalent radius.

9-19

SAMPLE PROBLEM 9.2

PROBLEM:

Comparing Bond Length and Bond Strength

Without referring to Tables 9.2 and 9.3, rank the bonds in each
set in order of decreasing bond length and bond strength:
(a) SF, SBr, SCl

PLAN:

(b) C = O, CO, C

(a) The bond order is one for all and sulfur is bonded to halogens;
bond length should increase and bond strength should decrease
with increasing atomic radius. (b) The same two atoms are bonded
but the bond order changes; bond length decreases as bond order
increases while bond strength increases as bond order increases.

SOLUTION:
(a) Atomic size increases going down a group.

(b) Using bond orders we get,

Bond length: SBr > SCl > SF

Bond length: CO > C = O > C

Bond strength: SF > SCl > SBr

Bond strength: C

9-20

O > C = O > CO

Figure 9.13

Strong forces within molecules and weak forces between them.

9-21

Figure 9.14

9-22

Covalent bonds of network covalent solids.

Figure 9.15

9-23

The infrared (IR) spectra of 2-butanol (green) and diethyl

ether (red).

Figure 9.16

Using bond energies to calculate Horxn.

Horxn = Horeactant bonds broken + Hoproduct bonds formed

9-24

Figure 9.17

9-25

Using bond energies to calculate Horxn of methane.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 9.3

PROBLEM:

Using Bond Energies to CalculateHorxn

Calculate Horxn for the chlorination of methane to form

chloroform:
CH4(g) + 3Cl2(g)

PLAN:

CHCl3(g) + 3HCl(g)

Write the Lewis structures for all reactants and products and
calculate the number of bonds broken and formed.

SOLUTION:
H

Cl

H C H

Cl

H C Cl

3 H

Cl

bonds broken

9-26

Cl

bonds formed

Cl

SAMPLE PROBLEM 9.3

Using Bond Energies to CalculateHorxn

continued
bonds broken
4 x CH

bonds formed

= 4 mol(413 kJ/mol) = 1652 kJ

3 x CCl = 3 mol(-339 kJ/mol) = -1017 kJ

3 x ClCl = 3 mol(243 kJ/mol) = 729 kJ

1 x CH = 1 mol(-413 kJ/mol) = -413 kJ

Hobonds broken = 2381 kJ

3 x HCl = 3 mol(-427 kJ/mol) = -1281 kJ

Hobonds formed = -2711 kJ

Horxn = Hobonds broken + Hobonds formed = 2381 kJ + (-2711 kJ) = - 330 kJ

9-27

Figure 9.19

9-28

The Pauling electronegativity (EN) scale.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 9.4

PROBLEM:

Determining Bond Polarity from EN Values

(a) Use a polar arrow to indicate the polarity of each bond: N

H , FN, ICl.
(b) Rank the following bonds in order of increasing polarity:
HN, HO, HC.

PLAN:

(a) Use Figure 9.19 to find EN values; the arrow should point
toward the negative end.
(b) Polarity increases across a period.

SOLUTION: (a) The EN of N = 3.0, H = 2.1; F = 4.0; I = 2.5, Cl = 3.0

N-H

F-N

I - Cl

(b) The order of increasing EN is C < N < O; all have an EN

larger than that of H.
HC < HN < HO

9-29

Figure 9.20

9-30

Electron density distributions in H2, F2, and HF.

Figure 9.21

9-31

The ionic character of chemical bonds.

Figure 9.22

9-32

Properties of the Period 3 chlorides.