Arguments

C4.5 (p.99)

Learning Outcomes (p.99)

4.5.1 Identify the premises and
given simple argument.

conclusion of a

Set Induction (p.99)

Career Seminar
Date: 12.03.2006
Venue: Resource Room
Compulsory
for
students
in
Form
4
If Boon Keong is a student of Form 4 Melur, what is the
conclusion that you can draw?
Melur.

All students in Form 4 Melur are required to attend the

seminar.
Boon Keong is a student in Form 4 Melur.
Conclusion: Boon Keong is required to attend the seminar.
An argument is made up of premises and a conclusion.

Example 21 (p.99)
Identify the premises and conclusion in the following
arguments.
(a)All mammals give birth to their young. Monkeys are
mammals. Therefore, monkeys give birth to their
young.
(b)If Junaidi drives at a speed exceeding 80 kmh-1, then
he commits a traffic offence. Junaidi drives at a speed
of 92 kmh-1. Therefore, he commits a traffic offence.

Example 21 (p.99)
Identify the premises and conclusion in the following
arguments.
(a)All mammals give birth to their young. Monkeys are
mammals. Therefore, monkeys give birth to their
young.
Premise 1: All mammals give birth to their young.
Premise 2: Monkeys are mammals.
Conclusion: Monkeys give birth to their young.

Example 21 (p.99)
Identify the premises and conclusion in the following
arguments.
(b) If Junaidi drives at a speed exceeding 80 kmh-1, then
he commits a
traffic offence. Junaidi drives at a speed of 92 kmh-1.
Therefore, he
commits a traffic offence.
Premise 1: If Junaidi drives at a speed exceeding 80 kmh1
, then he
commits a traffic offence.

Exercise 4.5 (p.102)

1. Identify the premises and conclusion in the simple
arguments given below.
(a)All birds have wings. Sparrows are birds. Therefore,
sparrows have wings.
Premise 1: All birds have wings.
Premise 2: Sparrows are birds.
Conclusion: Sparrows have wings.

Exercise 4.5 (p.102)

1. Identify the premises and conclusion in the simple
arguments given below.
(b) If w = -4, then 2 3w = 14. w = -4. 2 3w = 14.
Premise 1: if w = -4, then 2 3w = 14.
Premise 2: w = -4.
Conclusion: 2 3w = 14.

Exercise 4.5 (p.102)

1. Identify the premises and conclusion in the simple
arguments given below.
(c) All prime numbers have two factors only. 31 is a prime
number. 31 has two factors only.
Premise 1: All prime numbers have two factors only.
Premise 2: 31 is a prime number.
Conclusion: 31 has two factors only.

Reflections
Identify the premises and
simple argument.

conclusion of a given

Learning Outcomes (p.100)

4.5.2 Make a

conclusion based on two given premises.

Making a conclusion from two

premises (p.100)
Argument Form 1:
Premise All A are B.
1:
Premise C is A.
2:
A
B
Conclusi C is B.
Example:
on: Premise 1: All carnivores eat meat.
C

Premise 2: Tigers are carnivores.

C

Conclusion: Tigers eat meat.

Making a conclusion from two

premises (p.100)
Argument Form 2:
Premise If p, then q.
1:
Premise p is true.
2:
Conclusi q is true.
p
on: Premise 1: If the last two digits of x is divisible by 4,
Example:
q

then x is a multiple of 4.

p is
Premise 2: The last two digits of x is divisible by
4.
true.
q is
Conclusion: x is a multiple of 4.
true.

Making a conclusion from two

premises (p.101)
Argument Form 3:
Premise
1:
Premise
2:
Conclusi
on:

If p, then q.
Not q is true.
Not p is true.

Example: Premise 1: If b is a multiple of 9,Not

then
q is b is a
true.
multiple of 3.
Not p is
Premise 2: b is not a multiple of true.
3.
Conclusion: b is not a multiple of 9.

Example 22 (p.101)
In each of the following, make a conclusion based on the
two given premises.
(a)Premise 1: All alkalis have a pH value that is greater
than 7.
Premise 2: Sodium hydroxide is an alkali.
Conclusion: Sodium hydroxide has a pH value that is
greater than 7.

Example 22 (p.101)
In each of the following, make a conclusion based on the
two given premises.
(b) Premise 1: If Gopal wakes up late, then he goes to
work by taxi.
Premise 2: Gopal wakes up late.
Conclusion: He goes to work by taxi.

Example 22 (p.101)
In each of the following, make a conclusion based on the
two given premises.
(c) Premise 1: If the purchase exceeds RM 50, then Puan
Hani pays by
credit card.
Premise 2: Puan Hani does not pay by credit card.
Conclusion: The purchase does not exceed RM 50.

Exercise 4.5 (p.103)

2. Make a conclusion based on the given premises.
(a)Premise 1: All cubes have six equal faces.
Premise 2: PQRS is a cube.
Conclusion: PQRS has six equal faces.
(b) Premise 1: All prefects must show good examples.
Premise 2: Su Lyn is a prefect.
Conclusion: Su Lyn must show good examples.

Exercise 4.5 (p.103)

3. Make a conclusion based on the given premises.
(c) Premise 1: If you want the job, then you must apply for it.
Premise 2: You want the job.
Conclusion: You must apply for it.
(d) Premise 1: If the sum of two numbers is 46, then the mean of
the
two numbers is 23.
Premise 2: The sum of two numbers is 46.
Conclusion: The mean of the two numbers is 23.

Exercise 4.5 (p.103)

4. Make a conclusion based on the given premises.

(e) Premise 1: If ABCDE is a regular pentagon, then it

has 5 equal sides.
Premise 2: It does not have 5 equal sides.
Conclusion: ABCDE is not a regular pentagon.
(f) Premise 1: If 4 { K M }, then 4 { K M }
Premise 2: 4 { K M }
Conclusion: 4 { K M }.

Reflections
Make a

conclusion based on two given premises.

Learning Outcomes (p.102)

4.5.3 Complete an argument given a premise and the
conclusion.

Example 23 (p.102)
Comrplete

the following arguments.

(a)Premise 1: All livings organisms reproduce.
Premise 2: Plants are living organisms.
Conclusion: Plants reproduce.
(b) Premise 1: If = 90, then sin = 1.
Premise 2: = 90.
Conclusion: sin = 1.

Example 23 (p.102)
Comrplete

the following arguments.

(a)Premise 1: If x = 5, then x 5 = 0.
Premise 2: x 5 0.
Conclusion: x 5

Exercise 4.5 (p.103)

5. Complete the following arguments.
(a) Premise 1: If = , then = .
Premise 2: = .
Conclusion: = .
(b) Premise 1: If a number is a multiple of 12, then it is a
multiple of 4.
Premise 2: 1278 is a multiple of 12.
Conclusion: 1278 is a multiple of 4.

Exercise 4.5 (p.103)

5. Complete the following arguments.
(c) Premise 1: If 3x = 6, then 2x + 3 = 7.
Premise 2: 2x + 3 7.
Conclusion: 3x 6.
(d) Premise 1: All drivers have a driving license.
Premise 2: Maniam is a driver.
Conclusion: Maniam has a driving license.

Exercise 4.5 (p.103)

5. Complete the following arguments.
(e) Premise 1: If w is a whole number, then w is an
integer.
Premise 2: w is not a whole number.
Conclusion: w is not an integer.
(d) Premise 1: If Faizal is absent, the meeting is
postponed.
Premise 2: Faizal is absent.
Conclusion: The meeting is postponed.

Reflections
Complete an argument given a premise and the
conclusion.