SQL1

Structured Query
Language
Part I
AC 505
SQL: Outline
Introduction to SQL
Queries in SQL
Update Statements in SQL
Data Definition in SQL
Views in SQL
Embedded SQL
2
Introduction to SQL:
Outline
What is SQL?
Objectives of SQL
History of SQL
Components of SQL
Writing SQL Commands
3
Outline
What is SQL?
Objectives of SQL
History of SQL
Components of SQL
4
What is SQL?
Structured Query Language
Transform-oriented language
Non-procedural language
Essentially free-format
Standard English
Outline
What is SQL?
Objectives of SQL
History of SQL
Components of SQL
6
Objectives of SQL
To allow a user to create the database
and relation structures.
To allow a user to perform basic data
management tasks.
To allow a user to perform both simple
and complex queries to transform raw
data into information.
7
Objectives of SQL
To perform data management tasks
with minimal effort such that the
command structure and syntax must be
easy to learn.
To be portable.
Outline
What is SQL?
Objectives of SQL
History of SQL
Components of SQL
9
SQL History
Originally Structured English Query
Language or SEQUEL, developed by IBM
around 1975.
In 1986, Official American National
Standardization Institute (ANSI) defined an
SQL standard
In 1987, International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) adopted the
standard - informally known as SQL/86.
10
SQL History
In 1989, and again in 1992 , ISO
produced SQL/92 or SQL/2, officially
named International Standard
Database Language SQL (1992)
By 1992, over 100 DBMS products
supported SQL features.
11
Outline
What is SQL?
Objectives of SQL
History of SQL
Components of SQL
12
SQL Components
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Defining and Maintaining Integrity
Maintaining Security
13
Outline
What is SQL?
Objectives of SQL
History of SQL
Components of SQL
14
SQL Notation
An SQL statement consists of:
reserved words
user-defined words
A terminator (usually the semicolon ;)

is used to mark the end of an SQL
statement.
Most components are case
insensitive except for literal
character data.
15
Readable SQL
Each clause should begin on a new line.
The beginning of a clause should line up
with the beginning of other clauses.
If a clause has several parts, they
should each appear on a separate line
and be indented under the start of the
clause to show the relationship.
16
Backus Naur Form

(BNF)
Upper case letters are used for

representing reserved words and
they must be spelt correctly.
Lower case letters are used to
represent user-defined words.
A vertical bar (|) indicates a choice
among alternatives; for example a|b|c.
Curly braces { } indicate a required
element: for example, {a}.
17
Backus Naur Form

(BNF)
Square brackets [ ] indicate an

optional element: for example, [a].
An ellipsis () is used to indicate
optional repetition of an item
zero or more times. For example: {a|b}
[,c]
means either a or b followed by zero or
more repetitions of c separated by
commas.
18
Data Manipulation
SELECT
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
19
Data Definition
CREATE TABLE
ALTER TABLE
DROP TABLE
20
SQL: Outline
Introduction to SQL
Queries in SQL
Update Statements in SQL
Data Definition in SQL
Views in SQL
Embedded SQL
21
COMPANY DATABASE
EMPLOYEE(ENo, Name, Address, Sex,
CivilStatus, BDate, Position, SuperENo, DNo)
DEPARTMENT(DNumber,DName,MgrENo)
DEPT_LOCATION(DNo, Location)
PROJECT(PNo, PName, PLocation,DNum)
WORKS_ON(ENo, PNo, Hours)
DEPENDENT(ENo, DependentName, Sex, Bdate,
Relationship)
POSITION(Position, Salary)
22
Queries: Outline
Simple or basic queries
Sorting results
Aggregate functions
Grouping results
Subqueries
Multi-table queries
Combining result tables
23
Queries: Outline
Simple or basic queries
Sorting results
Aggregate functions
Grouping results
Subqueries
Multi-table queries
Combining result tables
24
SELECT Statement:
Objective
To retrieve data from one or more
database tables.
25
SELECT Statement:
Format
SELECT [DISTINCT|ALL] { * |
[column_exp [AS new_name]
[,] ]}
FROM table_name [alias] [,]
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY column_list]
[HAVING condition]
[ORDER By column_list];
26
Sequence of
Processing a Select
Statement
FROM
WHERE
GROUP BY
Specifies the table or

tables to be used.
Filters the rows subject to
some condition.
Forms groups of rows with
the same column value.
27
Sequence of
Processing a Select
Statement
HAVING
SELECT
ORDER BY
Filters the groups subject

to some condition.
Specifies which columns
are to appear in the
output.
Specifies the order of the
output.
28
SELECT Statement: Format

[,] }

[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY column_list]
[HAVING condition]
[ORDER By column_list]
29
SELECT CLAUSE
[,] }
Specifies which columns are to appear in
the output.
DISTINCT is used to eliminate duplicates.
Asterisk * expresses all columns.
column_exp represents a column name or
expression
30
FROM CLAUSE
Specifies the table or tables to be used.
table_name is the name of an existing
database table
alias is an optional abbreviation for
table_name
31
Simple Queries
Retrieve all columns, all rows
Retrieve specific columns, all rows
Use of Distinct
Calculated fields
Simple comparison search condition
Compound comparison search condition
Range search condition
Set membership search condition
Pattern match search condition
Null search condition
32
Simple Queries
Use of Distinct
Calculated fields
33

Query#01: List full details of all
employees.
34

CivilStatus, BDate, Position, SuperENo,
DNo)
SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE;
35
List full details of all employees

ENo
Name
Address
Sex
CivilStatus
BDate
Position
SuperENo
DNo
emp01
Juan dela Cruz
Manila
male
married
01/01/50
manager
emp02
Maria Clara
Pasay
female
single
01/02/70
secretary
emp01
dept01
emp03
Crisostomo Ibarra
Makati
male
single
01/03/60
assistant manager
emp01
dept01
emp04
Sisa
Quezon City
female
married
02/02/55
staff assistant 1
emp01
dept01
emp05
Elias
Quezon City
male
married
03/03/55
staff assistant 2
emp01
dept01
emp06
Basilio
Mandaluyong
male
single
04/04/55
staff assistant 1
emp01
dept01
emp07
Crispin
Caloocan
male
single
02/02/72
clerk 1
emp01
dept01
emp08
Tasio
Manila
male
divorced
07/02/55
clerk 2
emp01
dept01
emp09
Damaso
Bulacan
male
separated
08/02/62
clerk 3
emp01
dept01
emp10
Simon
San Juan
male
married
12/02/55
staff assistant 2
emp01
dept01
dept01
36

ENo
Name
Address
Sex
CivilStatus
BDate
Position
SuperENo
DNo
emp11
Jose Rizal
Manila
male
married
28/10/40
manager
emp12
Gabriela Silang
Pasay
female
single
01/02/70
secretary
emp11
dept02
emp13
Andres Bonifacio
Manila
male
divorced
01/04/63
assistant manager
emp11
dept02
emp14
Tandang Sora
Pasig
female
separated
02/05/58
staff assistant 1
emp11
dept02
emp15
Juan Luna
Manila
male
married
03/03/55
staff assistant 2
emp11
dept02
emp16
Antonio Luna
San Juan
male
single
04/04/55
staff assistant 1
emp11
dept02
emp17
Apolinario Mabini
Pasig
male
single
02/02/72
clerk 1
emp11
dept02
emp18
Emilio Jacinto
Manila
male
single
03/05/58
clerk 2
emp11
dept02
emp19
Ninoy Aquino
Manila
male
married
20/12/66
clerk 3
emp11
dept02
emp20
Gregorio del Pilar
Quezon City
male
married
11/12/55
staff assistant 2
emp11
dept02
emp21
Evelio Javier
Manila
male
single
30/09/62
clerk 3
emp11
dept02
dept02
37

ENo
Name
Address
Sex
CivilStatus
BDate
Position
SuperENo
DNo
emp31
Corazon Aquino
Manila
female
married
05/08/50
manager
emp32
Fidel Ramos
Pasay
male
single
15/08/72
secretary
emp31
dept03
emp33
Joseph Estrada
Manila
male
divorced
06/06/64
assistant manager
emp31
dept03
emp34
Ferdinand Marcos
Pasig
male
separated
28/05/59
staff assistant 1
emp31
dept03
emp35
Diosdado Macapagal
Manila
male
married
15/10/58
staff assistant 2
emp31
dept03
emp36
Ramon Magsaysay
San Juan
male
single
04/04/60
staff assistant 1
emp31
dept03
emp37
Elpidio Quirino
Pasig
male
single
02/07/75
clerk 1
emp31
dept03
emp38
Manuel Quezon
Manila
male
single
01/06/58
clerk 2
emp31
dept03
emp39
Manuel Roxas
Manila
male
married
20/03/68
clerk 3
emp31
dept03
emp40
Emilio Aguinaldo
Quezon City
male
separated
11/12/59
staff assistant 2
emp31
dept03
emp41
Carlos Garcia
Manila
male
single
30/01/64
clerk 3
emp31
dept03
emp42
Sergio Osmena
Manila
male
divorced
31/03/65
clerk 2
emp31
dept03
emp43
Jose Laurel
Manila
male
married
20/06/66
clerk 1
emp31
dept03
dept03
38

ENo
Name
Address
Sex
CivilStatus
BDate
Position
SuperENo
DNo
emp51
Ping Lacson
Manila
male
single
01/06/48
manager
emp52
Gloria Arroyo
Mandaluyong
female
single
15/07/62
secretary
emp51
dept04
emp53
Alfredo Lim
Pasig
male
divorced
06/08/63
assistant manager
emp51
dept04
emp54
Miriam Santiago
Pasig
male
separated
29/07/56
staff assistant 1
emp51
dept04
emp55
Lauren Legarda
Manila
female
married
18/10/61
staff assistant 2
emp51
dept04
emp56
Nikki Coseteng
Manila
female
single
04/04/64
staff assistant 1
emp51
dept04
emp57
Nur Misuari
Jolo
male
married
02/08/75
clerk 1
emp51
dept04
emp58
Commander Robot
Sulu
male
single
06/05/57
clerk 2
emp51
dept04
emp59
Joma Sison
Manila
male
married
25/03/70
clerk 3
emp51
dept04
emp60
Nora Aunor
San Juan
female
separated
15/12/62
staff assistant 2
emp51
dept04
emp61
Vilma Santos
Makati
female
single
31/01/68
clerk 3
emp51
dept04
emp62
Sharon Cuneta
Makati
female
divorced
19/04/63
clerk 2
emp51
dept04
emp63
Frank Drilon
Pasay
male
single
20/09/63
clerk 1
emp51
dept04
emp64
Manny Villar
Pasay
male
single
20/05/67
clerk 1
emp51
dept04
dept04
39

departments
40

DEPARTMENT(DNumber,DName,MgrE
No)
SELECT DNumber, DName, MgrENo
FROM DEPARTMENT;
41
List full details of all

departments
DNumber
DName
MgrENo
dept01
Noli Me Tangere
emp01
dept02
Heroes
emp11
dept03
Presidents
emp31
dept04
News Makers
emp51
42

projects
PROJECT(PNo, PName, PLocation,
DNum)
SELECT PNo, PName, DNum,
PLocation
FROM PROJECT;
43
Full Details of All Projects

PNo
proj01
proj02
proj03
proj04
proj05
proj06
proj07
proj08
proj09
proj10
proj11
proj12
proj13
proj14
proj15
PName
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Theta
Rose
Tulip
Carnation
Red
Blue
Green
Earth
Mars
Venus
Jupiter
Pluto
DNum
dept01
dept01
dept01
dept01
dept02
dept02
dept02
dept03
dept03
dept03
dept04
dept04
dept04
dept04
dept04
PLocation
USA
Europe
Africa
Asia
England
Holland
France
Manila
Davao
Cebu
Europe
Asia
USA
Australia
Latin America
44

Query#04: List full details of all positions
SELECT *
FROM POSITION;
45

positions
Position
Salary
assistant manager
70,000.00
clerk 1
10,000.00
clerk 2
15,000.00
clerk 3
20,000.00
clerk 4
25,000.00
manager
100,000.00
secretary
20,000.00
staff assistant 1
40,000.00
staff assistant 2
50,000.00
staff assistant 3
60,000.00
46

Query#05: List full details of all employees
dependents
DEPENDENT(ENo, DependentName,
Sex, Bdate, Relationship)
SELECT *
FROM DEPENDENT;
47
Full details employees dependents

ENo
emp01
emp01
emp04
emp05
emp05
emp08
emp09
emp10
emp11
emp13
emp14
emp14
emp15
emp15
emp19
DependentName
Bernadette
Sebastian
Philip
James
Rose
Jude
Peter
John
James
Paul
Martin
Nicholas
Mark
Vincent
Francis
Sex
female
male
male
male
female
male
male
male
male
male
male
male
male
male
male
BDate
1995/01/25
1990/01/05
1990/03/01
1990/06/02
1994/05/26
1995/02/03
1995/04/05
1995/02/20
1990/03/06
1993/01/03
1992/01/07
1996/02/27
1991/08/08
1997/03/28
1998/04/29
Relationship
daughter
son
son
son
daughter
son
son
son
son
son
son
son
son
son
son
48

ENo
emp19
emp20
emp20
emp31
emp31
emp33
emp33
emp34
emp34
emp35
emp35
emp39
emp40
emp42
emp43
DependentName
Luke
Angela
Bartolomew
Anne
Timothy
Agatha
Mary
Joaquin
Lucy
Dominic
Valentine
Claire
Therese
Joan
Thomas
Sex
male
female
male
female
male
female
female
male
female
male
male
female
female
female
male
BDate
1992/07/01
1999/05/30
1995/02/10
1994/03/09
1996/06/05
1997/07/06
1993/04/11
1998/05/12
1998/08/07
1997/06/13
1996/09/05
1996/07/14
1995/08/15
1994/09/16
1994/05/17
Relationship
son
daughter
son
daughter
son
daughter
daughter
son
daughter
son
son
daughter
daughter
daughter
son
49

ENo
emp53
emp53
emp54
emp54
emp55
emp55
emp57
emp57
emp59
emp59
emp60
emp60
emp62
emp62
DependentName
Magdalene
Patrick
Joseph
Veronica
Isidore
Lorenzo
George
Pedro
Fidelis
Pio
Ignacia
Margaret
Faustina
Scholastica
Sex
female
male
male
female
male
male
male
male
male
male
female
female
female
female
BDate
1993/06/18
1995/10/08
1994/11/01
1992/07/19
1993/12/02
1991/08/20
1992/01/03
1990/09/21
1991/02/04
1998/10/22
1997/12/23
1992/03/05
1996/11/24
1991/04/06
Relationship
daughter
son
son
daughter
son
son
son
son
son
son
daughter
daughter
daughter
daughter
50

departments locations
SELECT *
FROM DEPT_LOCATION;
51

departments locations
DNo
dept01
dept01
dept02
dept02
dept03
dept03
dept04
dept04
dept04
DLocation
Makati
USA
France
Makati
Davao
Makati
Germany
Makati
USA
52

employees assigned projects.
SELECT *
FROM WORKS_ON;
53
Full details of all employees projects

ENo
emp01
emp01
emp01
emp01
emp02
emp02
emp02
emp02
emp03
emp03
emp04
emp04
emp05
emp05
emp06
PNo
proj01
proj02
proj03
proj04
proj01
proj02
proj03
proj04
proj01
proj03
proj03
proj04
proj01
proj04
proj01
Hours
2
3
4
5
4
3
2
1
5
6
4
3
4
2
5
54

ENo
emp06
emp07
emp07
emp08
emp09
emp09
emp10
emp11
emp11
emp11
emp12
emp12
emp13
emp13
emp14
PNo
proj02
proj03
proj04
proj04
proj01
proj05
proj02
proj05
proj06
proj07
proj05
proj06
proj05
proj06
proj06
Hours
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
6
6
6
3
4
5
6
8
55

ENo
emp14
emp15
emp15
emp16
emp16
emp17
emp17
emp18
emp18
emp19
emp20
emp20
emp21
emp31
emp31
PNo
proj07
proj05
proj07
proj05
proj07
proj05
proj06
proj06
proj07
proj05
proj03
proj06
proj07
proj01
proj05
Hours
7
1
1
3
2
4
5
7
6
8
1
1
2
3
3
56

ENo
emp31
emp31
emp31
emp32
emp32
emp33
emp33
emp34
emp34
emp35
emp35
emp36
emp36
emp37
emp37
PNo
proj08
proj09
proj10
proj08
proj09
proj08
proj09
proj09
proj10
proj08
proj10
proj08
proj10
proj09
proj10
Hours
5
3
4
4
3
4
5
3
2
5
1
4
6
3
3
57

ENo
emp38
emp38
emp39
emp40
emp40
emp41
emp42
emp43
emp43
emp51
emp51
emp51
emp51
emp51
emp51
PNo
proj08
proj10
proj08
proj09
proj10
proj10
proj08
proj07
proj09
proj01
proj02
proj03
proj04
proj05
proj06
Hours
4
3
5
4
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
58

ENo
emp51
emp51
emp51
emp51
emp51
emp51
emp51
emp51
emp51
emp52
emp52
emp53
emp53
emp54
emp54
PNo
proj07
proj08
proj09
proj10
proj11
proj12
proj13
proj14
proj15
proj11
proj12
proj13
proj14
proj12
proj15
Hours
1
1
1
1
5
6
4
3
3
4
5
4
3
2
1
59

ENo
emp55
emp55
emp56
emp56
emp57
emp57
emp58
emp58
emp59
emp60
emp61
emp62
emp63
emp64
emp64
PNo
proj12
proj14
proj11
proj13
proj12
proj14
proj14
proj15
proj11
proj12
proj10
proj14
proj10
proj09
proj15
Hours
5
6
4
3
4
5
3
4
2
1
5
6
4
3
3
60
Simple Queries
Use of Distinct
Calculated fields
61
Retrieve specific
columns, all rows
A
Table1
B
C
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
Resulting
Table
SELECT B
FROM Table1;
B
b1
b2
b3
62
Retrieve specific
columns, all rows
Query#08: Produce a list of all projects showing
only the names and locations of projects.
PROJECT(PNo, PName, PLocation,DNum)
SELECT PName, PLocation
FROM PROJECT;
63
List names and locations of

all projects
PName
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Theta
Rose
Tulip
Carnation
Red
Blue
Green
Earth
Mars
Venus
Jupiter
Pluto
PLocation
USA
Europe
Africa
Asia
England
Holland
France
Manila
Davao
Cebu
Europe
Asia
USA
Australia
Latin America
64
Retrieve specific
columns, all rows
Query#09: Produce a list of all department
names
DEPARTMENT(DNumber,DName,MgrEN
o)
SELECT DName
FROM DEPARTMENT;
65
List names of all departments

DName
Noli Me Tangere
Heroes
Presidents
News Makers
66
Simple Queries
Use of Distinct
Calculated fields
67
Use of Distinct
A
Table1
B
C
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a2
b3
c3
a3
b4
c3
SELECT A
FROM Table1;
SELECT Distinct A
FROM Table1;
RT
RT
a1
a1
a2
a2
a2
a3
a3
68
Use of Distinct
Query#10: Produce a list of all filled-up
positions.
SELECT DISTINCT Position
FROM EMPLOYEE;
69
List of all filled-up positions

Position
assistant manager
clerk 1
clerk 2
clerk 3
manager
secretary
staff assistant 1
staff assistant 2
70

available positions
Position
Position
assistant manager
assistant manager
70,000.00
clerk 1
10,000.00
clerk 2
15,000.00
clerk 3
20,000.00
clerk 3
clerk 4
25,000.00
manager
manager
100,000.00
secretary
secretary
20,000.00
staff assistant 1
40,000.00
staff assistant 2
50,000.00
staff assistant 3
60,000.00
clerk 1
clerk 2
staff assistant 1
staff assistant 2
Salary
71
Use of Distinct
Query#11: Produce a list of all assigned
(employees work on) project numbers.
SELECT DISTINCT PNo
FROM WORKS_ON;
72
List of all assigned projects

PNo
proj01
proj02
proj03
proj04
proj05
proj06
proj07
proj08
proj09
proj10
proj11
proj12
proj13
proj14
proj15
73
Full Details of All Projects

PNo
proj01
proj02
proj03
proj04
proj05
proj06
proj07
proj08
proj09
proj10
proj11
proj12
proj13
proj14
proj15
PNo
proj01
proj02
proj03
proj04
proj05
proj06
proj07
proj08
proj09
proj10
proj11
proj12
proj13
proj14
proj15
PName
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Theta
Rose
Tulip
Carnation
Red
Blue
Green
Earth
Mars
Venus
Jupiter
Pluto
DNum
dept01
dept01
dept01
dept01
dept02
dept02
dept02
dept03
dept03
dept03
dept04
dept04
dept04
dept04
dept04
PLocation
USA
Europe
Africa
Asia
England
Holland
France
Manila
Davao
Cebu
Europe
Asia
USA
Australia
Latin America
74
Simple Queries
Use of Distinct
Calculated fields
75
Calculated Fields
An SQL expression can involve:
Addition (+)
Subtraction(-)
Multiplication (*)
Division (/)
Parentheses can be used to build
complex expressions.
76
Calculated Fields
Table1
A B C
SELECT A*10
FROM Table1;
10 b1 c1
20 b2 c2
30 b3 c3
SELECT A*10 As
Product
FROM Table1;
R Table
R Table
Expr01
Product
100
100
200
200
300
300
77
Calculated Fields
Query #12: Produce a list of yearly
salaries of all positions.
SELECT Position, Salary*12
FROM POSITION;
78
List of Yearly salaries of all

positions
Position
Expr1001
assistant manager
840,000.00
clerk 1
120,000.00
clerk 2
180,000.00
clerk 3
240,000.00
clerk 4
300,000.00
manager
1,200,000.00
secretary
240,000.00
staff assistant 1
480,000.00
staff assistant 2
600,000.00
staff assistant 3
720,000.00
79
Calculated Fields
Query #13: Produce a list of yearly
salaries (AS YearlySalary) of all
positions.
SELECT Position, Salary*12 AS
YearlySalary
FROM POSITION;
80
List of Yearly salaries of all

positions
Position
YearlySalary
assistant manager
840,000.00
clerk 1
120,000.00
clerk 2
180,000.00
clerk 3
240,000.00
clerk 4
300,000.00
manager
1,200,000.00
secretary
240,000.00
staff assistant 1
480,000.00
staff assistant 2
600,000.00
staff assistant 3
720,000.00
81
Simple Queries
Use of Distinct
Calculated fields
82
ROW SELECTION
(WHERE clause)
[,] }
[WHERE search condition]
83
Five Basic Search

Conditions
Comparison. Compare the value of
one expression to the value of another
expression.
Range. Test whether the value of an
expression falls within a specified
range of values.
Set membership. Test whether the
value of an expression equals one of a
set of values.
84
Five Basic Search

Conditions
Pattern match. Test whether a string
matches a specified pattern.
Null. Test whether a column has a null
(unknown) value.
85
Simple Comparison
Operators
Equals =
Is less than <
Is greater than
>
Is less than or equal to <=
Is greater than or equal to >=
Is not equal to (ISO standard)
<>
Is not equal to (allowed in some) !=
86
RdDb2000
Simple comparison search

condition
Table1
A B C
SELECT A, B
FROM Table1
Where A=10;
10 b1 c1
20 b2 c2
30 b3 c3
SELECT A, B
FROM Table1
Where A <>10;
R Table
10 b1
R Table
20 b2
30 b3
87

condition
Query#14: List all employees (Name) with

positions of secretary.

SELECT Name
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Position='secretary';
88
List of employees with

position of secretary
Name
Maria Clara
Gabriela Silang
Fidel Ramos
Gloria Arroyo
89

condition
Query#15: List all positions with salaries
greater than or equal to 40,000.00
(Position, Salary).
SELECT Position, Salary
FROM POSITION
WHERE Salary >= 40000.00 ;
90
List of positions with

salary >= 40,000.00
Position
manager
Salary
100,000.00
assistant manager
70,000.00
staff assistant 1
40,000.00
staff assistant 2
50,000.00
staff assistant 3
60,000.00
91
Simple Queries
Use of Distinct
Calculated fields
92
Logical Operators
AND
OR
NOT
Parentheses ()
93
Rules for Evaluating a

Conditional Expression
An expression is evaluated left to
right.
Subexpressions in brackets are
evaluated first.
NOTs are evaluated before ANDs and
ORs.
ANDs are evaluated before ORs.
94
Compound comparison search

condition
Table1
A B C
10 b1 c1
20 b2 c2
30 b3 c3
SELECT A, B
FROM Table1
WHERE A=10 AND
B=b1;
SELECT A, B
FROM Table1
WHERE A <>10 AND
B=b1;
SELECT A, B
FROM Table1
WHERE A <>10 OR
B=b1;
R Table
10 b1
R Table
R Table
10 b1
20 b2
30 b3
95

condition
Query#16: List all employees who are males
and positions are manager (Name, Position).
SELECT Name, Position
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Sex='male' AND
Position='manager' ;
96
List of employees who are

males and positions are
manager
Name
Position
Juan dela Cruz
manager
Jose Rizal
manager
Ping Lacson
manager
97

condition
Query#17: List all departments which are
located in USA or Germany (DNo, Location).
SELECT DNo, Location
FROM DEPT_Location
WHERE DLocation='USA' OR
DLocation='Germany' ;
98
List all departments which

are located in USA or
Germany
DNo
DLocation
dept01
USA
dept04
USA
dept04
Germany
99
Simple Queries
Use of Distinct
Calculated fields
100
Range Operators
Attribute BETWEEN x AND y
Attribute NOT BETWEEN x AND y
Attribute >= literal1 AND
Attribute <= literal2
101

Table1
A B C
10 b1 c1
20 b2 c2
30 b3 c3
SELECT A, B
FROM Table1
WHERE A BETWEEN
10 AND 30;
SELECT A, B
FROM Table1
WHERE A NOT
BETWEEN 10 AND 30;
R Table
R Table
10 b1
20 b2
30 b3
R Table
10 b1
SELECT A, B
FROM Table1
WHERE A >=5 AND A<=15;
102

ranging from 20,000.00 to 40,000
(Position, Salary).
SELECT *
FROM POSITION
WHERE Salary BETWEEN 20000 AND
40000 ;
103

ranging from 20,000.00 to 40,000 (Position,
Salary).
SELECT *
FROM POSITION
WHERE Salary >= 20000 AND
Salary <= 40000;
104
List all positions with

salaries ranging from
20,000.00 to 40,000.00
Position
Salary
secretary
20,000.00
staff assistant 1
40,000.00
clerk 3
20,000.00
clerk 4
25,000.00
105

Query#20: List all employees with birth dates
between 1940/01/01 and 1950/06/30 (Name,
BDate).
SELECT Name, BDate
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE BDate >=#1940/01/01# AND BDate
<= #1955/06/30#;
106

Query#21: List all employees with birth dates
between 1940/01/01 and 1950/06/30 (Name,
BDate).
SELECT Name, BDate
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE BDate BETWEEN #1/1/1940# AND
#6/30/1955#;
107
List all employees with birth dates

between 1940/01/01 and 1950/06/30
Name
Juan dela Cruz
Sisa
Elias
Basilio
Tasio
Simon
Jose Rizal
Juan Luna
Antonio Luna
Corazon Aquino
Ping Lacson
BDate
1950/01/01
1955/02/02
1955/03/03
1955/04/04
1955/02/07
1955/02/12
1940/10/28
1955/03/03
1955/04/04
1950/08/05
1948/06/01
108
Simple Queries
Use of Distinct
Calculated fields
109
Set Membership
Operators
Attribute IN ('literal1', 'literal2'
'literaln')
Attribute NOT IN ('literal1', 'literal2'
'literaln')
Note: tests whether a data value
matches one of a list of values; more
efficient than using OR
110
Table1
A B C
10 b1 c1
20 b2 c2
30 b3 c3
SELECT A, B
FROM Table1
WHERE A IN (10,20,30);
SELECT A, B
FROM Table1
WHERE A =10 or A=20 or
A=30;
R Table
R Table
10 b1
20 b2
30 b3
SELECT A, B
FROM Table1
WHERE A NOT IN (10,20,30);
111

Query#22: List all employees with positions of
clerk1, clerk2 and clerk3 (Name, Position).
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Position IN ('clerk 1', 'clerk 2', 'clerk
3');
112

Query#23: List all employees with positions of
clerk1, clerk2 and clerk3 (Name, Position).
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Position='clerk 1' OR
Position= 'clerk 2' OR Position= 'clerk 3';
113
List all employees with positions

of clerk 1, clerk 2 and clerk 3
Name
Position
Crispin
clerk 1
Tasio
clerk 2
Damaso
clerk 3
Apolinario Mabini clerk 1

Emilio Jacinto
clerk 2
Ninoy Aquino
clerk 3
Evelio Javier
clerk 3
Elpidio Quirino
clerk 1
Manuel Quezon
clerk 2
Manuel Roxas
clerk 3
114
List all employees with positions

of clerk 1, clerk 2 and clerk 3
Name
Position
Carlos Garcia
clerk 3
Sergio Osmena
clerk 2
Jose Laurel
clerk 1
Nur Misuari
clerk 1
Commander Robot
clerk 2
Joma Sison
clerk 3
Vilma Santos
clerk 3
Sharon Cuneta
clerk 2
Frank Drilon
clerk 1
Manny Villar
clerk 1
115

Query#24: List all departments which are not
located in Makati, USA, or Germany (DNo,
DLocation).
SELECT DNo, DLocation
FROM DEPT_LOCATION
WHERE DLocation NOT IN ('Makati', 'USA',
'Germany');
116
List all departments which are

not located in Makati, USA, or
Germany
DNo
DLocation
dept02
France
dept03
Davao
117
Simple Queries
Use of Distinct
Calculated fields
118
Pattern Matching Symbols

*
(%)
asterisk character represents any
sequence of zero or
more character
(wild card);
? (_)
question mark character represents any
single character.
119
Pattern Matching
Operators
Attribute LIKE H* means the first
character must start with H, but the rest of
the string can be anything.
Attribute LIKE H??? means that there
must be exactly four characters in the
string, the first of which must be an H.
Attribute Like Star#* ESCAPE #
means the use of an escape character to
include * in the string.
120
Pattern Matching
Operators
Attribute LIKE *e means any

sequence of characters, of length at
least 1, with the last character an e.
Attribute LIKE *Fun* means a
sequence of characters of any length
containing Fun.
Attribute NOT LIKE H* means
the name cannot start with an H.
121
Table1
A B C
10 b1 c1
20 b2 c2
30 b3 c3
SELECT A, B
FROM Table1
WHERE B LIKE b*;
SELECT A, B
FROM Table1
WHERE B LIKE *4;
SELECT A, B
FROM Table1
WHERE B LIKE *2*;
R Table
R Table
10 b1
20 b2
30 b3
R Table
20 b2
122

Query#25: List all employees with names
beginning with P (Name).
DNo)
SELECT Name
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Name Like P*;
123

names beginning with P
Name
Ping Lacson
124

having the string son (Name).
DNo)
SELECT Name
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Name Like *son*;
125

names having the string son
Name
Ping Lacson
Joma Sison
126

having exactly 11 characters (Name).
SELECT Name
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Name like '???????????';
127

names having exactly 11
characters
Name
Maria Clara
Fidel Ramos
Jose Laurel
Ping Lacson
Alfredo Lim
Nur Misuari
128
Simple Queries
Use of Distinct
Calculated fields
129
Null Operators
Attribute IS NULL
Attribute IS NOT NULL
Note:A null is considered to have an
unknown value such that the
attribute cannot be compared to
another string.
130

Query#28: List all employees who do not have
supervisors (Name).
SELECT Name
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE SuperENo IS NULL;
131
List all employees who do

not have supervisors
Name
Juan dela Cruz
Jose Rizal
Corazon Aquino
Ping Lacson
132
CENTRAL BANK
DATABASE
Bank (Code, BankName, BankAddress)
Customer (SSN, CName, CAddr, Phone)
Branch (Code, BranchNo, BranchAddress)
Account (AcctNo, BranchNo, Code,
Balance, Type)
Loan (LoanNo, BranchNo, Code,
LoanAmount, Type)
A-C (AccountNo, SSN)
L-C (LoanNo, SSN)
133

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Structured Query

A terminator (usually the semicolon ;)

Backus Naur Form

Upper case letters are used for

Backus Naur Form

Square brackets [ ] indicate an

Specifies the table or

Filters the groups subject

SELECT Statement: Format

FROM table_name [alias] [,]

Retrieve all columns, all rows

Retrieve all columns, all rows

List full details of all employees

Juan dela Cruz

List full details of all employees

Gregorio del Pilar

List full details of all employees

List full details of all employees

Retrieve all columns, all rows

Retrieve all columns, all rows

List full details of all

Retrieve all columns, all rows

Full Details of All Projects

Retrieve all columns, all rows

List full details of all

Retrieve all columns, all rows

Full details employees dependents

Full details employees dependents

Full details employees dependents

Retrieve all columns, all rows

List full details of all

Retrieve all columns, all rows

Full details of all employees projects

Full details of all employees projects

Full details of all employees projects

Full details of all employees projects

Full details of all employees projects

Full details of all employees projects

Full details of all employees projects

List names and locations of

List names of all departments

List of all filled-up positions

List full details of all

List of all assigned projects

Full Details of All Projects

List of Yearly salaries of all

List of Yearly salaries of all

Five Basic Search

Five Basic Search

Simple comparison search

Simple comparison search

Query#14: List all employees (Name) with

EMPLOYEE(ENo, Name, Address, Sex,

List of employees with

Simple comparison search

List of positions with

Rules for Evaluating a

Compound comparison search

Compound comparison search

List of employees who are

Juan dela Cruz

Compound comparison search

List all departments which

Range search condition