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Definition of Heat
Transfer
The transition process of thermal energy (joule) from
the hotter mass to the cooler mass.
Occur if it has different temperature between the
object temperature and the surrounding temperature
and will stop in equilibrium temperature (same
temperature)
Always occurs from the higher temperature into lower
temperature (based from the second law of
thermodynamics and Clausius statement)
Heat transfer between two different temperature’s
proximity object can never be stopped, it can only be
slowed.
2nd law of Thermodynamics
and Clausius Statement
In a system, a process that occurs will tend to
increase the total entropy of the universe (2nd
law of thermodynamics).

Heat generally cannot flow spontaneously from

a material at lower temperature to a material
at higher temperature (Clausius statement).
Three Mechanism of Heat
Transfer
1.Conduction
2.Convection
3.Radiation
Conduction
The transfer of heat by contact directly of
particles of matter.

Occur in metal material

Example
The heat transfer travels from the soup into the
end of metal spoon
Conduction
The movement of energy in conduction will sense
by the increasing temperature because the
electrons move in the material.
Metals are good conductors.
Plastic and wood do not have loosely bound
electrons, so they are poor in conductor (isolator)
Air also poor in conduction transfer.
Conduction Example
Picture
 Convection
The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of
molecules from one part of material to another.
The bulk motion of fluid increase the heat transfer between
solid surface and fluid.
Convection phenomenon occurs in fluids.
In conduction the electron move in solid material
 In convection the electron collision each other
(called current)
The moving fluids current is called convection.
Convection Example
Heating a pot of water on a stove is a good example of
the transfer of heat by convection. When the stove is
first turned on heat is transferred first by conduction
between the element through the bottom of the pot to
the water. However, eventually the water starts
bubbling - these bubbles are actually local regions of
hot water rising to the surface, thereby transferring heat
from the hot water at the bottom to the cooler water at
the top by convection. At the same time, the cooler,
more dense water at the top will sink to the bottom,
where it is subsequently heated.
 Illust rat ion of t he convect ion current

Convection currents in boiling water

Consider now two regions separated by a barrier, one at a higher pressure relative to the other,
and subsequently remove the barrier, as in the following figure

Flow of material through a pressure difference

When the barrier is removed, material in the high pressure (high density) area will flow to the
low pressure (low density) area. If the low pressure region was originally created by heating of
the material, one sees that movement of material in this way is an example of heat flow by
convection.
Another Example Picture of
Convection
The example
picture of
convection above
show that fluids
give impact to
surround area.
The wind carries the
heat of fluids to
another place and
also the opposite.
Radiation
The transfer of thermal
energy in empty space

This type of heat transfer

occurs in a hot oven or
by electromagnetic
radiation, which is how
the sun heats the earth.
Newton’s Law of Cooling
The rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to
the difference in temperatures between the body
and its surroundings.

Rate of heating also depends on the temperature

difference.

 En e rg y
e rna l
Int
definition
Internal energy is the energy associated
with the motion of molecules.
It is divided in scale as the macroscopic
ordered energy associated with moving
objects; it refers to the invisible
microscropic energy on the atomic and
molecular scale.

For example, at a room temperature, a


glass of water on a table looks like have no

energy, either potential or kinetic. But on
the microscopic scale, there is mass of high
speed molecules traveling at hundreds of
meters per second. If the water were tossed
across the room, this microscopic energy
would not necessarily be changed when we
superimpose an ordered large scale motion
on the water as a whole.
First law of thermodynamics

Any Change in the Internal Energy of a System

U is due to either the Heat Flow into/out-of the
System or due to Work Done by/on the System
provided the system's center-of-mass energy
does not change.
Calculating the internal energy

The internal energy of a thermodynamic system (U

or E) is the total of the kinetic energy due to the
motion of particles and the potential
energy associated with the vibrational
and electric energy of atoms within molecules
or crystals.

One can also calculate the internal energy of

electromagnetic or black body radiation.

The SI unit of energy is the joule 

Temperature is a measure of the average


translational kinetic energy associated with the

disordered microscopic motion of atoms and
molecules. The flow of heat is from a high
temperature region toward a lower temperature
region. Temperature is not directly proportional
to internal energy since temperature measures
only the kinetic energy part of the internal
energy, so two objects with the same
temperature do not in general have the same
internal energy.
For example, 1 gram of water and
copper are both heated by 1°C, the
addition to the kinetic energy is the
same. But to achieve this increase of
water, a much larger proportional of
energy must be added to the potential
energy portion of the internal energy.
So the total energy required to increase
the temperature of the water is much
larger.
 a p a c it y
he a t c
if i c
Spec
 Definition
The specific heat of a substance is defined as
the amount of heat energy required to change
the temperature of one gram of a substance
one degree Celsius.

In the SI system, the unit of specific heat

capacity (c) is J/kg.°C or cal/g.°C

History
The Scottish scientist Joseph Blackin the 18th
century, noticed that equal masses of different
substances needed different amounts of heat to
raise them through the same temperature interval,
and, from this observation, he founded the concept
of specific heat. In the early 19th century the
French physicists Pierre-Louis Dulong and Alexis-
Thérèse Petit demonstrated that measurements of
specific heats of substances allow calculation of
their atomic weights
formula

C is the heat capacity of a body made of the

material in question,

m is the mass of the body

V is the volume of the body

A is the density of the material.

 The specific heat capacities at constant
pressure and constant volume processes and
the ratio of specific heat (R) and the individual
gas constant (K) for some common used “ideal
gases”
 k = cp / c v and R = cp – cv
Factors that affect
specific heat capacity
Degrees of freedom

Per mole of molecules and atoms

Corollaries of these considerations for solids

(volume-specific heat capacity)

Hydrogen bonds and Impurities

There are 2 kind of heat
capacities
Heat capacities of gases

Heat capacities of solid

Heat capasities of gases
The specific heats of gases are generally
expressed as molar specific heats. For a
monoatomic ideal gas the internal energy is
all in the form of kinetic energy, and kinetic
theory provides the expression for that
energy, related to the kinetic temperature.
The expression for the internal energy is
Heat capasities of solid
With the “law” of Dulong and Petit, we can find
the molar mass of your unknown metal.

This “law” suggested that a metal's specific

heat was proportional to its molar mass.
Specific
heat table
 From the table, we know that water has the
highest specific heat. This high specific heat is
responsible, in part, for the moderate
temperatures found near large bodies of
water. As the temperature of a body of water
decreases during the winter, energy is
transferred from the cooling water to the air
by heat, increasing the internal energy of the
air. Because of the high specific heat of water,
a relatively large amount of energy is
transferred to the air for even modest
temperature changes of the water. The air
carries this internal energy landward when
prevailing winds are favor- able. For example,
the prevailing winds on the West Coast of the