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Statistics
There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned
lies, and statistics. (B.Disraeli)
STATI
STIC
S
S
T
A
T
I
S
T
I
C
S
is the branch of
science and
mathematics that
deals with the
collection,
organization, or
presentation,
interpretation, and
analysis of data.
Statisti
cs
ollection
C
rganization
O
resentation
P
nalysis
A
nterpretation
I
of data
parameters
Quality Control
Structural Analysis with given quantitative
data
Branches
of Statistics
Descriptive
Inferenti
al
Descriptive Statistics
It is a statistical procedure concerned
Example:
The work of baseball statisticians
provides an excellent illustration of
descriptive statistics.
Population
The collection of all
individuals, items, or
data under
consideration in a
statistical study.
Sample
That part of the
population from
which information
is collected.
Population
LE
P
M
SA
DATA
are facts, or a set of
information or
observation under
study
are gathered by the
researcher from a
population or from a
sample
Variables
In mathematics, it is a symbol with no fixed
value.
In statistics, it is the characteristic, property
Constants
In mathematics, it is a symbol with a fixed
value.
In statistics, it is the characteristic, property
Categories of Variables
Variables
Qualitative
Dichotomic
Gender, marital
status
Quantitative
Polynomic
Discrete
Continuous
Brand of Pc,
hair color
Children in
family, Strokes
on a golf hole
Amount of
income tax
paid, weight of
a student
numerical in nature
Discrete quantitative data
data obtained from counting
Continuous quantitative
data data obtained from
measuring
Scales of Measurement
A type of variable classification
Summary
Examples
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Differences between
values are meaningful,
but there is no natural
starting point. Ratio are
meaningless.
Ratio
Student
Categories or
states:
5 Californians names only
20 Texans
40 New
Student
An order is
Yorkers
cars:
determined by
5 compact
compact,
20 mid-size
mid-size, and
40 full-size
full-size.
Campus
temperatures:
0OF doesnt mean
5OF
no heat.
20OF
40OF is not twice as
40OF
hot as 20OF
Student
commuting
500 meters is
distances:
twice as far as
50 meters
250 meters 250 meters.
500 meters