CA 4042: Campos

Electromagnticos

Cap. 9:
Ecuaciones de Maxwell
Instructor:
Ing. Hctor C. Vergara V.
Profesor de Facultad de Ingeniera Mecnica
Centro Regional de Azuero
Universidad Tecnolgica de Panam
Mvil: (507) 6677-5920, email: hector.vergara@utp.ac.pa
Libro de Texto:
M.N.O. Sadiku, Elementos de Electromagnetismo 5th ed. Oxford University Press, 2009.
Lectura Auxiliar:
W.Hayt, J.Buck, Teora Electromagntica, 8va ed. McGrawHill, 2012.
Todas las figuras son tomadas del libro de texto principal a menos que se diga lo contrario

Chapter 9: Maxwells Equations

Topics Covered

Faradays Law
Transformer and
Motional Electromotive
Forces
Displacement Current
Magnetization in
Materials
Maxwells Equations in Final
Form
Time Varying
Potentials (Optional)
Time Harmonic Fields
(Optional)

Homework:
8/17/2012

3, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16,

18, 21, 22,All30,
33taken from primary textbook unless otherwise cited.
figures

Faradays Law (1)

We have introduced several methods of examining magnetic fields in terms of

forces, energy, and inductances.
Magnetic fields appear to be a direct result of charge moving through a system and
demonstrate extremely similar field solutions for multipoles, and boundary condition
problems.
So is it not logical to attempt to model a magnetic field in terms of an electric one? This is
the question asked by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831. The result is Faradays
Law for induced emf
Induced electromotive force (emf) (in volts) in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate
of change of magnetic flux by the circuit

Vemf

dt
N

d
dt

where, as before, is the flux linkage, is the magnetic flux, N is the number of turns in the
inductor, and t represents a time interval. The negative sign shows that the induced voltage
acts to oppose the flux producing it.
The statement in blue above is known as Lenzs Law: the induced voltage acts to oppose the
flux producing it.
Examples of emf generated electric fields: electric generators, batteries, thermocouples, fuel
cells, photovoltaic cells, transformers.

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Faradays Law (2)

To elaborate on emf, lets consider a battery circuit.

The electrochemical action within the battery results and in emf produced electric field, Ef
Acuminated charges at the terminals provide an electrostatic field Ee that also exist
that counteracts the emf generated potential

E E f Ee
P

L E dl L E f dl 0 N E f

The total emf generated in dl

the between the two open terminals in the battery is therefore

Vemf

N E f dl N Ee dl
IR

Note the following important facts

An electrostatic field cannot maintain a steady current in a close circuit since

Ee dl 0 IR

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An emf-produced field is nonconservative

Except in electrostatics, voltage and potential differences are usually not equivalent

Transformer and Motional

Electromotive Forces (1)

For a single circuit of 1 turn

Vemf d d
dt
dt

d
Vemf E
L dl

dt S

dS caused by three ways

The variation of flux with time may be
Having a stationary loop in a time-varying B field
1.
Having a time-varying loop in a static B field
2.
Having a time-varying loop in a time-varying B field
3.
A stationary loop in a time-varying B
field

d
Vemf E dl
E
dS B
dt S
L
dS
S

One of Maxwells for time varying fields

E
dB

dt
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Transformer and Motional

Electromotive Forces (2)

A time-varying loop in a static B field

Q
u
m
in a motional E field
B

F
E Qm u B

Vemf E dl u B

L
L dl
F
m Il
BF IlB

Some care must be used when applying this equation

1.

The integral of presented is zero in the portion of

the loop where u=0. Thus dl is taken along the
portion of the lop that is cutting the field where u is
not equal to zero

2.

The direction of the induced field is the same as

that of Em . The limits of the integral are selected in
the direction opposite of the induced current,
thereby satisfying Lenzs Law

Vemf uBl

by _ Stokes' s _

Theorem

dS

uB
L m

dl

u
m

B
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Transformer and Motional

Electromotive Forces (3)

A time-varying loop in a timevarying B field

Vemf E dl dB dS u B
dt

L
S
L dl

dB
m u
dt
E
B

One of Maxwells for time varying fields

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Transformer and Motional

Electromotive Forces: Example1

Conducting element is stationary and the

magnetic field varies with time

dB
Vemf dt dS
S

m dB
dt
E

Assume the bar is held stationary at y =0.08

m and B = 4cos(106t)az mWb/m2

Assume the length between the two

rails
the bar slides along is 0.06 m
conducting

Vemf

dB
d
dt dS dt (0.004 cos(106 t))az
S
S
dS

(4)(10 3 )(106 ) sin(10 6 t)dxdy

S

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xy(4)(10 3 )(106 ) sin(106 t)

0.080.06 (4)(10 3 )(106 )

6

Transformer and Motional

Electromotive Forces: Example
2

Conductor moves at a velocity u =

20ay m/s in constant magnetic field B=4az
mWb/m2 Assume the length between the two
conducting
bar
rails the
slides along is

V0.06 m E dl
uB
emf

L dl
L

Em u

B
Vemf 20ay 0.004az
dxa

0.08dx 0.08x

0.080.06

4.8mV
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Transformer and Motional

Electromotive Forces: Example 3

Conductor moves at a velocity u = 20ay m/s in time

varying magnetic field B=4cos(106t-y)az mWb/m2
Assume the length between the two conducting
rails the bar slides along is 0.06 m

Vemf

dB

E
dt dS u
dl
L

dxdya

20(10 3 )(4) cos(10 6 t

Vemf (10 3 )(4) cos(10 6 t y)x 10 3 (4) cos(10 6
y) dx
t)x
20(10 3 )(4) cos(10 6 t
Vemf (10 3 )(4) cos(10 6 t y)x 10 3 (4) cos(10 6
y) dx
t)x
20(10 3 )(4) cos(10 6 t
3
2
6
3
V
y)emfx 6 (10 )(4) 8(10 ) cos(10 t y)x 10 (4)
cos(10
t)x cos(10 6 t y) 4000x cos(10 6
4000x
Vemf

Vemf

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d
B

dl
emf
z
dt
S
V
(10 3 )(4) cos(10 6 t y)a
z
x
L 20ay (10 3 )(4) cos(10 6 t y)a
dxdya
dxa
3
z
(10 )(4) 10 6 sin(10 6 t y)a
z

Vemf

t)
240 cos(10 6 t y) 240 cos(10 6

10

Displacement Current (1)

Lets now examine time dependent fields from the perspective on Amperes
Law.

J

H 0
This vector identity for the cross product is mathematically
J
valid. However, it requires that the continuity eqn. equals
v
zero, which is not valid from an electrostatics standpoint!
J t 0

Thus, lets add an additional current density term
H
J J

to balance the electrostatic field requirement

d

H 0J d

Jd J v
D
t
t
t
D

We can now define the displacement current density

J d D
as the time derivative of the displacement vector
t

Another of Maxwells for time varying fields

J D
H
t

This one relates Magnetic Field Intensity to conduction

and displacement current densities
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11

Displacement Current (2)

Using our understanding of conduction and displacement current density. Lets test
this theory on the simple case of a capacitive element in a simple electronic circuit.

J D
H
t

D
t

J dS

L H dl S J dS I en c
I
dS
L H dl S J dS I en c

Based on the equation for displacement current density, we can

define the displacement current in a circuit as shown
Amperes circuit law to a closed path provides the following eqn.
for current on the first side of the capacitive element

However surface 2 is the opposite side of the capacitor and has

no conduction current allowing for no enclosed current at surface 2

0
H dl S Jd dS t S D dS dtdQ
2
2
L
I
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If J =0 on the second surface then Jd must be

generated on the second surface to create a
time displaced current equal to current on
surface 1

12

Displacement Current (3)

Show that Ienc on surface 1 and dQ/dt on surface 2of the capacitor are both equal to C(dV/dt)

D E
V

J d D d dV
t
d dt

I d J d S S dV C
d
dt dt

dV 1
from surface
I c dQ S ds S dD S dE S dV C dV
dt dt dt dt d
dt dt

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13

Maxwells Time Dependent Equations

It was James Clark Maxwell that put all of this together and reduced electromagnetic
field theory to 4 simple equations. It was only through this clarification that the discovery
of electromagnetic waves were discovered and the theory of light was developed.
The equations Maxwell is credited with to completely describe any electromagnetic field
(either statically or dynamically) are written as:

Differential Form

D
v

B
0

E
B

Integral Form

D dS

Gausss Law

dv B dS
S

J
H
t
8/17/2012D

t S
L
dl
E

D
dS

J
dS
L H dl
t
S

Remarks

Nonexistence of the
Magnetic Monopole
Faradays Law

Amperes Circuit Law

14

Maxwells Time Dependent Equations (2)

A few other key equations that are routinely used are listed over the next couple of
slides
Lorentz Force Law
Continuity Equation

F Q E u
J t v
Boundary Conditions
B

E E a

H
H a

0DK D a

B B a
1

2
n

Boundary
Conditions
for Perfect Conductor

E 0 H 0
J

Bn 0 E t 0

Compatibility Equations

= free magnetic density

B
m

B
E
Jm
t

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Equilibrium Equations

v
J D
H
t

15

Maxwells Time Dependent Equations:

Identity Map

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16

Time Varying Potentials

Field _
potentials
dv :
v

V v 4 R

Jdv
A v 4R

B from

Definition of

A:

Applying
Law
B A _ Faraday' s _
B

A
t

0

t

E
A
E
V
t

A
E V
t

E v 2V

A
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Applying _ Ampere' s Circuit

Law
:

1 B 1 A J dt
H

dD

A J t J V
t
A
2

A

A J V
t
t
2

Applying the v
identity

ector

A A :
2 A yields :

Limit
the
A
V

Apply
0

vector
field

t
Lorentz
V

A 2 A J

A
V
t
t
2
conditions by choo sin
g:

Condition for

potentials : A

2V t2 2 v

2
A
2
A J
t 2

17

Wave Equation
2V
v
V

t 2

2A
2
A

J
t 2

In
fr e e s p a c e y ie ld s

2E
2
E
t 2

B
2 B
t 2
1
u
Speed of the wave in a medium
2

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0
c

Speed of light in a vacuum

0

Refractive index
0

18