CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

CHITKARA SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING ;KULWINDER SINGH

Engineering Materials
Materials

Metals

Plastics

Ceramics
Glass

Composites

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Materials Examples:
Ferrous metals: carbon-, alloy-, stainless-, tool-and-die steels
Non-ferrous metals: aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel,
titanium, superalloys, refractory metals,
beryllium, zirconium, low-melting alloys,
gold, silver, platinum,
Plastics: thermoplastics (acrylic, nylon, polyethylene, ABS,)
thermosets (epoxies, Polymides, Phenolics, )
elastomers (rubbers, silicones, polyurethanes, )
Ceramics, Glasses, Graphite, Diamond, Cubic Boron Nitride
Composites: reinforced plastics, metal-, ceramic matrix composites
Nanomaterials, shape-memory alloys, superconductors,
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Industrial Applications of
materials

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Material Selection
Function dictates the choice of
material and shape.

Function

Material

Process is influenced
by material

Shape restricts the

choice of material
and process.

Shape

Process

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Process interacts
with shape.

Materials
Class

Definition

Examples

Properties

Applications

Metals

Metals are combinations of

one or more "metallic
elements," such as iron,
gold, or lead. Alloys are
metals like steel or bronze
that combine more than
one element, and may
include non-metallic
elements e.g. carbon.

Steel, aluminium,
titanium iron, gold,
lead, copper,
platinum, brass,
bronze, pewter,
solder

Strong, dense, ductile,

electrical and heat
conductors, opaque

Electrical wiring,
structures (buildings,
bridges), automobiles
(body, springs),
airplanes, trains (rails,
engine components,
body, wheels), shape
memory materials,
magnets

Ceramics

Ceramic materials are

inorganic materials with
non-metallic properties
usually processed at high
temperature at some time
during their manufacture

Structural ceramics,
refractories,
porcelain, glass

Lower density than metals,

strong, low ductility (brittle),
low thermal conductivity,
corrosion resistant

Dinnerware, figurines,
vases, art, bathtubs,
sinks, electrical and
thermal insulation,
sewage pipes, floor and
wall tile, dental fillings,
abrasives, glass
windows

Polymers

A polymer contains many

chemically bonded parts or
units that are bonded
together to form a solid.

Plastics (synthetic,
nylon, liquid
crystals, adhesives,
elastomers (rubber)

Low density, poor

conductors of electricity
and heat, different optical
properties

Fabrics, car parts,

packaging materials,
bags, packing materials
(Styrofoam*), fasteners
(Velcro*), glue,
containers, telephone
headsets, rubber bands

Composites

Composites are two or

Fibreglass (glass
more distinct substances
and a polymer),
that are combined to
plywood (layers of
produce a new material
wood and glue),
with properties not present
concrete (cement
in either individual material. and pebbles)
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Properties depend on
amount and distribution of
each type of material.
Collective set of properties
are more desirable and
possible than with any
individual material.

Golf clubs, tennis

rackets, bicycle frames,
tires, cars, aerospace
materials, paint
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PROPERTIES OF
MATERIAL
Knowledge of materials properties is required to
Select appropriate material for design requirement

Select appropriate manufacturing process

Optimize processing conditions for economic

manufacturing

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Important engineering
characteristics of materials
Mechanical

Thermal properties

properties
Density
Strength

Thermal conductivity
Coefficient of expansion

Hardness

Melting point

Ductility
Toughness
Fatigue resistance
Creep

Chemical properties
Reactivity
Combustibility
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Electrical properties
Conductivity

Optical properties
Transmissivity
Colour
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Physical Properties
Property

Application (e.g.)

Density, = mass/volume

Drop forging, hammering

Specific heat

Coolant in machining

Thermal conductivity

Cutting titanium

Coeff of linear thermal expansion, = L/(L T)

Compensation in Casting,

Melting point

Brazing, Casting,

Electrical conductivity

EDM, ECM, Plating

Magnetic properties

Magnetic chucking

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Other concerns about

Availability - sizes, minimum quantities.
materials
Sustainability plentiful sustainable resources
Ease of manufacture - machinability, weldability.
Compatibility - electrochemical compatibility with

other parts of the system.

Reliability - how consistent are the material
properties.
Cost - although 5th in this list, this factor may well
be used first to eliminate a large number of possible
options.
Recycleability - increasing environmental concern
(and resulting legislation) worldwide is driving
manufacturers to use materials that can be recycled
with minimum difficulty.
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Densities of structural materials

Density (kg/m3)
Engineering materials
Steel

7800

Concrete
Rubber

2300
1100

Biological materials
Bone

2000

Cartilage

1100

Tendon

1300

Locust cuticle

1200

Comparison: density of water is 1000 kg/m3

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Strength
A measure of the materials ability to resist

deformation and to maintain its shape.

It is quantified in terms of yield stress or
ultimate tensile strength.
High carbon steels and metal alloys have
higher strength than pure metals.
Ceramics also exhibit high strengths.

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Hardness
A measure of the materials ability to resist

indentation, abrasion and wear.

It is quantified by a hardness scale such as
Rockwell and Brinell hardness scales.
Hardness and Strength correlate well
because both properties are related to inmolecular bonding.

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Ductility
A measure of the materials

Stress

Brittle

Ductile

Strain

ability to deform before

failure.
It is quantified by reading
the value of strain at the
fracture point on the stress
strain curve.
Examples of ductile
material include:
low carbon steel
aluminum
bubble gum

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Toughness
A measure of the materials ability to absorb
energy. It is measured by two methods.
a) Integration of stress strain curve
Slow absorption of energy
Absorbed energy per unit volume unit :
(lb/in) *(in/in) =lbin/in

b) Charpy test
This measures impact toughness (see
later)
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Since the properties we are

concerned with all deal with how
structures deform in response to
forces, we need some way to
normalize:
Force
Amount of deformation

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How to normalize force

F = 10 N

Area = 5 cm2
F = 20 N

Area = 10 cm2

Force
2
Stress ()
2 N / cm
Area
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A digression: types of stresses

Tension

Shear
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Compression

Torsion
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Rest
Tension

l + l

Compression

l
Strain
l

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l - l

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Remember Young's modulus

Stress
Young' s Modulus (E )
Strain
E is (often) constant for any material
Units of E are N/m2
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What would plots of different

materials look like?
Weve looked at

mechanical properties
of materials,
particularly Density,
Strength, Hardness,
Ductility, Toughness.

Steel
Stress

Concrete
Rubber

Next week well look at

Strain

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stress-strain curves in
more detail
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What does a stress-strain plot look like?

E is the slope of
the plot in the
elastic region

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Strain hardening
If the material is strained beyond
its elastic limit it will no longer
return to its original length when
released. A wire strained past its
yield point (y1) to A will follow
the line AB when the strain is
removed, and have a longer
length than before. When a
strain is reapplied the path BA
will be followed, and the wire will
not reach yield (y2) until point A.
y2 > y1 and we say the wire is
stronger but it will now fracture
with much less extension.
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y2
y1

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Youngs moduli of structural materials

Youngs
modulus (N/m2)
Engineering materials
Steel

2.1 x 1011

Concrete
Rubber

1.7 x 1010
7 x 106

Biological materials
Bone

1.7 x 1010

Cartilage

1.3 x 107

Tendon

1.9 x 108

Locust cuticle

9.4 x 109

E is the stress required to produce 100% strain

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Extensibility measures how far the

material can be strained before fracture

Extensibility
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Strength is the stress at which the

material fractures
Strength

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Strengths of structural materials

Strength (N/m2)
Engineering materials
Steel

1.5 x 109
4 x 106
7 x 106

Concrete
Rubber
Biological materials
Bone

1.2 x 108

Cartilage

5.9 x 105

Tendon

9.8 x 107

Locust cuticle

9.4 x 107

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Toughness measures the

total energy absorbed before fracture

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Factors affecting material

properties
Temperature :
Increasing temperature will decrease

- Modulus of Elasticity
- Yield Strength
- Tensile Strength
Decreasing temperature will:
- Increase ductility
- Reduce brittleness

Environment:
Sulfites, Chlorine, Oxygen in water, Radiation
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Charpy Toughness(lbin)

Charpy V-Notch Test

Ductile
Behavior
Brittle
Behavior

Transition
Temperature

Temperature (C)

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Transition temperature
At low temperature, where the material is

brittle and not strong, little energy is

required to fracture the material.
At high temperature, where the material is
more ductile and stronger, greater energy
is required to fracture the material.
The transition temperature is the boundary
between brittle and ductile behavior. This
is an extremely important parameter in
selection of construction material.
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Charpy Test
High Carbon Steel

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Stainless Steel

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Properties of materials
1:Metals
Metal

Density

Youngs
modulus

Shear
modulus

Poissons
ratio

Yield Stress

Ultimate
Stress

Elongation

Alumimium

2.7

70

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0.33

20

70

60

Al Alloy

2.7

80

28

0.33

35 - 500

100-550

1 - 45

Brass

8.6

100

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0.33

70 - 550

200-600

4 - 60

Bronze

8.2

110

40

0.33

80 - 690

200-830

5 - 50

Cast Iron

7.2

80 - 170

60

0.2 0.3

120 -290

70-480

0-1

Mag Alloy

1.7

45

17

0.35

80 - 280

140-340

2 - 20

Solder

20 - 30

12 - 54

5 - 30

Steel

7.8

200

80

0.3

340-1900

3 - 40

Ti Alloy

4.5

110

40

0.33

960

10

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280-1600

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Properties of materials 2
Material

Density
Mg/m3

Youngs modulus
Gpa

Brick (compression)

1.8 2.4

10 24

Concrete

2.4

18 30

0.1 0.2

Glass

2.6

48 83

0.2 0.27

Nylon

1.1

2.1 2.8

0.4

Stone: Granite
(compression)

2.6

40 70

0.2 0.3

70 280

Stone: Marble
(compression)

2.8

50 100

0.2 0.3

50 - 180

Wood: Ash
(Bending)

0.6

10 11

40 - 70

50 - 100

Wood: Oak
(Bending)

0.7

11 12

40 - 60

50 - 100

Wood: Pine
(Bending)

0.6

11 14

40 - 60

50 - 100

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Poissons
ratio

Yield Stress MPa

Ultimate Stress
MPa
7 - 70
230 - 380

40 - 70

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THANKS

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