IRM Lecture

Administrivia HW #2
Carnegie Mellon University
2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

BI Tools and Techniques
Robert Monroe
April 8, 2008
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Key Take Aways
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Core OLAP Concepts
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
What Are OLAP Tools?

OLAP tools provide a mechanism for interactive analysis
and exploration of dimensional data
Interactive: users need to be able to easily specify queries
Analysis: it should be possible to perform (and reuse) complex
analyses of the dimensional data
Exploration: answering one question with an OLAP tool
frequently raises numerous subsequent questions
A good OLAP tool allows the user to quickly pose follow-on queries
Dimensional: OLAP tools operate on dimensional data data

structured as facts and dimensions
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
OLAPs Role In Decision Making
OLAP Sweet-Spot
Source: OBrien, Management Information Systems, 6th ed.
OLAP excels at exploring complex, structured questions

2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Quick OLAP Tools Demo

Contour Components OLAP cube browser
Open http://olaplib.contourcomponents.com/ in IE 6.0 or higher
Ok the installation of any ActiveX controls that the site requests
Use the Samples > Government > Regional Employee Turnover menu in
the upper left of the screen to open up sample OLAP cube.
Demo requires IE 6.0 or later and ActiveX install

Installation for class is optional
For first demo we will browse regional emloyee turnover data
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Why Not Just Write SQL Queries?
Performance
Complexity
Exploration
Presentation
Difficulty in dealing with hierarchies
Difficult or impossible to specify some desired queries
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Why Not Just Use Spreadsheets?

Complexity (with > 2 dimensions)
Presentation is tied to representation
Does not scale to large data sets or many dimensions
Storage and representation is ill-suited to the task
Inability to deal with hierarchies
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
OLAPs Place In A Business Intelligence Solution
Reconcile Data
Derive
Data
OLAP
Tools
An
ze
y
l
a
OLAP
Cube
Diagram Source: Hoffer, Prescott, McFadden, Modern Database Management, 7th ed.
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Dimensional Modeling with HyperCubes:

Basic Concepts
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Representing Dimensional Databases as Cubes

OLAP tools represent dimensional data as cubes
Cubes are also sometimes referred to as hypercubes
Dimension tables are represented as cube dimensions

Facts are represented using measures
Measures can be thought of as the values stored in individual
cells of the cube
Measures consist of two parts:
A numerical value that represents the basic fact
A formula for combining multiple measures into a single measure
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Quick Review: Dimensional Modeling Example

Fact table provides statistics for sales
broken down by product, period and store
dimensions
Dimension tables provides details on

stores, products, and time periods
th
Diagram
Source:
Hoffer,
Prescott,
McFadden,
Modern
Database
Management,
ed.
Diagram
Source:
Hoffer,
Prescott,
McFadden,
Modern
Database
Management,
7th7ed.
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Quick Review: Dimensional Example With Data

Product (dimension)
Period (dimension)
Store (dimension)
Sales
(fact)
th
Diagram
Source:
Hoffer,
Prescott,
McFadden,
Modern
Database
Management,
ed.
Diagram
Source:
Hoffer,
Prescott,
McFadden,
Modern
Database
Management,
7th7ed.
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Multiple Fact Tables

It is frequently useful to
store more than one
type of fact in a single
multidimensional
database (star schema)
This can be handled by
using multiple fact
tables that share
dimensions
Example: modeling
products sold and
products purchased
th
Diagram
Source:
Hoffer,
Prescott,
McFadden,
Modern
Database
Management,
ed.
Diagram
Source:
Hoffer,
Prescott,
McFadden,
Modern
Database
Management,
7th7ed.
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Factless Fact Tables Tracking Events

Factless fact tables store only foreign keys, no facts
Factless fact tables allow the tracking of what types of events
happened, and under what circumstances they happened
th
Diagram
Source:
Hoffer,
Prescott,
McFadden,
Modern
Database
Management,
ed.
Diagram
Source:
Hoffer,
Prescott,
McFadden,
Modern
Database
Management,
7th7ed.
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Conformed Dimensions
When dimensions are shared across multiple fact tables
they must be conformed dimensions
Conformed dimensions
One or more dimension tables associated with two or more
fact tables for which the dimension tables have the same
business meaning and primary key with each fact table
Conformed dimensions allow users to:

Query across multiple fact tables
Improve consistency of meaning and structure for derived and
retrieved information
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Tabular Representation of Measures and Dimensions

Simple example of viewing OLAP data in a grid:
Row headings (Store) represent dimension members
Columns represent different measures
Dimension
Store Sales Data for 2004
Store
Gross Sales
Quota
Profits
Sales vs. Quota
Chicago
$3,250,000
$2,750,000
$624,352
+ $500,000
New York
$4,500,000
$3,550,000
$100,000
+ $950,000
Pittsburgh
$1,600,000
$1,700,000
$250,000
- $100,000
Measures
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Tabular Representation of Measures and Dimensions

Example 2: Store sales by year and store location
Column and row headings represent dimension values in this case
Cells represent measures, Name of table describes measure
Dimensions
Store Sales Data 2004-2007
Store
2004
2005
2006
2007
Chicago
$3,250,000
$3,500,000
$3,000,000
$3,900,000
New York
$4,500,000
$4,350,000
$5,100,000
$5,450,000
Pittsburgh
$1,600,000
$1,700,000
$1,800,000
$1,650,000
Measures
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Cube Representation of Measures and Dimensions
th
Diagram
Source:
Hoffer,
Prescott,
McFadden,
Modern
Database
Management,
ed.
Diagram
Source:
Hoffer,
Prescott,
McFadden,
Modern
Database
Management,
7th7ed.
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Dimension Hierarchies
Dimension tables are represented as cube dimensions
Cube dimensions use levels to represent hierarchies
Each sub-level subdivides the parent level with finer granularity
Dimensions can be of fixed or variable height (jagged)

Examples
Dimension: Time Period
Levels Year :: Quarter :: Month :: Week :: Day
Dimension: Organization
Levels Company :: Division :: Department :: Employee
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Measures
Measures represent the interesting data at the
intersection of different dimensions
There is a space for a measure at every intersection of
every level of every dimension
Base facts are stored in the intersections of lowest-level
dimensions (either simple or calculated measures)
Aggregate or computed values are stored at the intersections
of where all of the dimensions are not at the lowest level
(aggregate values must be calculated measures)
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Three Categories Of Measures

Additive measures can be meaningfully combined along any
dimensions
Example: total sales by product, location, or time
Semi-additive measures cannot be combined along one or more

dimensions
Example: summing inventory levels across time
Non-additive measures cannot be combined along any dimensions

Example: weighted averages without weight information
Exercise:
Identify three measures of interest for a cube that tracks sales data
Be sure to identify numeric value tracked and aggregation function
Definition source: Pedersen and Jensen, Multidimensional Database Technology, IEEE Computer 12/01
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Why OLAP Performs So Well

Pre-computation of aggregates, and other values at
cube-building time enable very rapid responses to many
common queries
Ability to specify other formulas/values to precompute
on cube build
Use of standardized structure and dimensional model
allows query engine to make many assumptions about
how to best answer queries and take advantage of precomputed values
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Dimensions Examples
What dimensions are available in the regional employee
turnover example?
Are there any important dimensions missing that you might want
to use for an analysis if you were a governmental official trying
to improve the employment outlook in your region?
The worldwide population cube has an example of a

hierarchical dimension
Which one is hierarchical?
Is it a fixed or jagged dimension?
What are the measures in this cube?
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Analytics
Analytics are specific analyses that can be performed
on an OLAP cube
Simple pre-defined analytics (sums, counts, percentages)
Complex pre-canned analytics defined as part of the cube
model/build
Ad-hoc exploration
Examples:
Actual sales vs. quota by sales region
Supplier count by commodity category by division
Deviation from contracted pricing by supplier, commodity
category, and division over the previous 3 years
Examples of analytics related to sourcing or procurement?
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Analytics Examples
Revenue cube analytics
Automobile traffic analytics
Marketing dynamics cube (multiple slices preset)
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Drilling Down
The drilling down

operation analyzes
the data presently
displayed in greater
detail.
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Slicing
The slicing operation selects specific values for one or more
dimensions of a cube and renders measures for those dimensions
in a two-dimensional table
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Filtering
Filtering reduces the elements included in a calculation
Filtering can cross multiple slices
Example: filter previous results to only show February, April, May
th
Diagram
Source:
Hoffer,
Prescott,
McFadden,
Modern
Database
Management,
ed.
Diagram
Source:
Hoffer,
Prescott,
McFadden,
Modern
Database
Management,
7th7ed.
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
In-Class Exercise
Open the Contour Cubes Automobile Traffic sample
Which intersection and day in London has the most
overutilization of the roads?
Which intersection has the worst overutilization of
roads across all of the days?
Which intersection has the highest overall hourly traffic
flow?
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Pivoting Data
OLAP tools generally let
you pivot dimensions
This involves switching
which dimensions are
displayed horizontally and
which are displayed
vertically
This can be useful when

exploring and trying to
visualize data
Store Sales Data 97 00 ($ Millions)

Store
1997
1998
1999
2000
Chicago
$3.25
$3.5
$3.0
$3.9
NY
$4.5
$4.35
$5.1
$5.45
Pgh
$1.6
$1.7
$1.8
$1.65
Pivot
Annual Sales, By Store 97 00 ($ Millions)
Year
Chicago
NY
PGH
1997
$3.25
$4.5
$1.6
1998
$3.5
$4.35
$1.7
1999
$3.0
$5.1
$1.8
2000
$3.9
$5.45
$1.65
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Modeling Hierarchies
Dimension tables frequently model hierarchies
Example:
Customers dimension stores data about your customers
You may sell to several divisions of a single company
You want to be able to analyze sales to the individual divisions and also
capture rolled-up values for the parent company
Divisions of ABC Automotive

2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Modeling Hierarchies With Denormalized Tables (I)

Hierarchical dimensions are frequently represented with
denormalized tables
Simplifies and speeds queries at the cost of introducing anomalies
This example represents a jagged or arbitrary hierarchy
Customer_Dimension
Parent_Company
Customer_Key
Name
Address
Type
<null>
C000001
ABC Automotive
100 1st St.
Dealer
C000001
C000002
ABC Auto Sales
110 1st St.
Sales
C000001
C000003
ABC Repair
130 1st St.
Service
C000002
C000004
ABC Auto New Sales
110 1st St.
Sales
C000002
C000005
ABC Auto Used Sales
110 1st St.
Sales
<null>
C000006
Bubbas House O Cars
5432 Maple Ln
Dealer
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Modeling Hierarchies With Denormalized Tables (II)

Similar example but with a well-defined hierarchy depth
Same number of levels for all entries in the dimension table
Simpler structureThis approach requires a fixed height to hierarchy
, CityID serves as primary key for the whole table
City_Geography_Dimension
CityID
CityName
StateID
StateName
TimeZone
45
Little Rock
Arkansas
Central
263
Denver
15
Colorado
Mountain
423
Aspen
15
Colorado
Mountain
522
Pittsburgh
36
Pennsylvania
Eastern
771
Philadelphia
36
Pennsylvania
Eastern
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Wrap Up
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
Key Take Aways
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe
7th Inning Stretch
2007
Robert
45-875
BI Tools
and T. Monroe

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Administrivia HW #2

Carnegie Mellon University

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

Carnegie Mellon University

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Key Take Aways

Carnegie Mellon University

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Core OLAP Concepts

Carnegie Mellon University

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

What Are OLAP Tools?

Dimensional: OLAP tools operate on dimensional data data

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

OLAPs Role In Decision Making

Source: OBrien, Management Information Systems, 6th ed.

OLAP excels at exploring complex, structured questions

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Quick OLAP Tools Demo

Demo requires IE 6.0 or later and ActiveX install

For first demo we will browse regional emloyee turnover data

Carnegie Mellon University

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Why Not Just Write SQL Queries?

Carnegie Mellon University

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Why Not Just Use Spreadsheets?

Inability to deal with hierarchies

Carnegie Mellon University

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

OLAPs Place In A Business Intelligence Solution

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Dimensional Modeling with HyperCubes:

Carnegie Mellon University

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Representing Dimensional Databases as Cubes

Dimension tables are represented as cube dimensions

Carnegie Mellon University

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Quick Review: Dimensional Modeling Example

Dimension tables provides details on

Carnegie Mellon University

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Quick Review: Dimensional Example With Data

Carnegie Mellon University

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Multiple Fact Tables

Carnegie Mellon University

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Factless Fact Tables Tracking Events

Carnegie Mellon University

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Conformed dimensions allow users to:

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Tabular Representation of Measures and Dimensions

Sales vs. Quota

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Tabular Representation of Measures and Dimensions

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Cube Representation of Measures and Dimensions

Carnegie Mellon University

2006 - 2008 Robert T. Monroe

Dimensions can be of fixed or variable height (jagged)