LOGS

HISTORY

he ancient times, the only way

measure ship speed was to
ow a wood log into the water
observe how fast it moves
ay from the ship. This approximate method
hip speed measurement was called
aving the Log' and was used until 1500-1600

t since then ships speed measuring equipmen

are called LOG C M E T,

7/9/16

LOGS

HISTORY
*In1500-1600s the 'Chip Log
method was invented. This
apparatus consisted of a small
weighted wood panel that was
attached to the reel of rope, and a time measuring
device: a half-minute sand glass.Rope had knots tied at
equal distances (50 feet) along the reel. Sailors would
throw the wood panel into the sea and the rope would
start unwinding from the reel. The faster the ship was
moving forward the faster the rope would unwind. By
counting the number of knots that went overboard in a
given time interval, measured by the sand glass, they
Cthe
M origin
E T, of the
could tell the ship's speed. In fact that is
7/9/16
nautical
speed unit : the knot.

LOGS

HISTORY
*In early 20th century the Rotor Type
Ship-Log was invented. It has a fixing
plate, on which it can turn, with which it would have
been attached to a suitable part of the ship, typically
the rail at the stern of a ship. The recorder would have
been connected to a rotor that was towed behind the
ship. The revolutions of the rotor registered on the
indicator, thus measuring the distance travelled.
It was one of the first logs in which the recorder was
placed on board the ship rather than being part of the
rotor. This Log proved to be very successful and was
produced in great numbers between 1930 and 1994.

7/9/16

C M E T,

LOGS

HISTORY
*The Impeller Log

usually fitted in small crafts.

The standard equipment consists of
the following
1.The log tube assembly
2.The amplifier
3.Speed indicator and distance counter
The sensing device is at the end of a long-tube or probes,
consisting of a small device called impeller at the end of th
probe, which is lowered
into the water . The tube is set with the port (opening)
facing forward.
The water flow drives the impeller and the
C Mis E
T, up at
rotationinducesan electrical signal, which
picked

7/9/16

LOGS

HISTORY
* The Pressure type (Pitottube) log

This type of log consist of

1.Two openings outside the hull of the
ship, static tube that provides static
pressure andimpact orPitottube that measures dynamic
pressure or
the water flow of pressure
2.Controller unit (pressure differentiator)
3.Speed and distance transmitter
4.Speed and distance recorder
The opening of thePitottube faces forward so that when
the vessel moves forward, the water causes a pressure at
the tube this dynamic pressure is proportional to the speed
at which the vessel moves. The pressure
C differentiator
M E T,

LOGS

E
M
LOG
* ELECTRO MAGNETIC LOGS consist of
1. Master Indicator
2. Preamplifier
3. Sensor
* Operations
The sensing of speed makes use of law of electromagnetic
induction
When the ship moves, the water passing through the hull
acts as a conductor.
The magnetic field is produced by a solenoid, installed in
such a way
as to allow the field to extend into water
This produces an EMF (electromagnetic force), which is
measured and converted into the speedCofM
vessel
E T,through

LOGS

E M LOG

* Principle
The electromagnetic log is based upon the
Faraday-Maxwell induction law;Figure
shows the principle of the log.
The inducede.m.f. E is given by the following:
E = F x L x V
Where F = the magnetic field
L = the length of the conductor
V = the velocity of the conductor through the
magnetic field.
In the EM log a direct current through the windings of a coil
generates a magnetic field. If the conductors do not move
relative to the coil they do not intersect the magnetic lines
of force and no voltage is induced in C M E T,

LOGS

E
M
LOG
In the EM log the F and L are maintained
constants,therefore the inducede.m.f. is
directly proportional to the velocity V, which
is the velocity of the vessel through the water.
The direction of the voltage E depends on
the directions of the lines of force and
the direction of the velocity of the
conductor water. According to the formula the induced
voltage is proportional to the velocity V.
Should the velocity have the opposite direction, the
direction of the voltage would change too.

C M E T,

LOGS

E
M
LOG
A direct current through the windings
of acoil,generates a magnetic field.
Four conductors (ab,bc,cdand da)
are arranged in the form of a loop
around the coil.If the conductors do not move relative to
the coil
they do not intersect the magnetic lines of force and no
voltage is
induced in them.
Alternating current through the coil
Instead of a direct current, suppose that we send
analternatingcurrent through the coil. Then the induced
voltage that we will have would be
also an, alternating voltage with amplitude
is
C Mthat
E T,

LOGS

E M LOG

C M E T,

LOGS

E M LOG

The speed out put from an EM log depends upon the water flow by way
of the sensors. Thus siting of the probe is critical. This is so since if too
close to the hull then due to the non-linearity of the hull form the speed
of the water flow may give a wrong representation of the vessels speed
This is minimized by careful siting of the sensor as well as by calibratin
the instrument while installation.
Pitch and roll also give rise to errors however these are reduced by
having an electrical time constant that is longer than a period of vesse
motion.
A well-adjusted log can have an accuracy of better than 0.1 percent of
the speed range.
This type of log can give only speed through water and is greatly
affected by the current flowing under the ship. However if the water is
stationary at an anchorage there will be no speed shown.
In all the above logs theflow of water past and under the hull playa
major part in the accuracy of the readings.

C M E T,

LOGS

E M LOG
*Advantages
No moving parts
Cheaper
*Disadvantages
Salinity and temperature of water affects calibration
Measurements affected by boundary layer, (water speed slowed down
close to the hull by friction)

C M E T,

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG

*PRINCIPLE The Dopplereffectis a frequency shift that results from

relative motion between a frequency source and a listener.

C M E T,

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG

* If the source and listener are moving closer to

each other, the listener will perceive a higher
frequency - the faster the source or receiver is
approaching the higher the Doppler shift.
* If the source and listener are getting farther
apart, the listener will perceive a lower frequency the faster the source or receiver is moving away
the lower the frequency.
* The Doppler shift is directly proportional to
speed between source and listener, frequency of
the source, and the speed the wave travels.
C
M
E
T,
* The Doppler log is based on measurement of the

LOGS

DOPPLER
LOG
It is seen that an observer, moving with a source
of sound towards a reflecting plane, receives a
frequency:
Where fv is the received frequency, f the
transmitted frequency,cthe speed of sound and v
the speed of the source of sound.
Above can be simplified to;
fd = 2vft / c
where fd = Doppler frequency shift in cycles per second, v =
relative speed in the direction of the
transmitted wave, ft = transmitted frequency,
andE
c =T,velocity
CM

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG

C M E T,

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG
* Working
A transmitting transducer below the ship
continuously emits a beam of sound vibrations in
the water at anangle(usually
60 to the keel) in the forward direction.
A second transducer aboard receives the echo
caused by
diffuse reflection from the seabed.
A Doppler log uses a higher frequency than an
echo sounder.

C M E T,

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG

* Advantages:
1.Theresulting shorter wavelength leads to the
more diffuse reflection desired; the echo from
aspecularreflection would not be received, in view
of the oblique incidence of the beam.
2.Theshorter wavelength makes possible a smaller
beam-angle and so avoids the dimensions of the
radiating face of the transducer becoming too
large.
3.Theemitted power of the sound vibrations
spreads less and thus the echo is C
stronger.
M E T,

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG

Every point of the seabed is hit by the

beam and causes a stronger or weaker
echo in the direction of the receiving
transducer.
All these points are situated at a
different angleato the horizontal direction;
The frequencies received aboard must differ for all
these points.However, the average frequency is
approximately that from point P, at an angleato
the horizontal.

C M E T,

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG
The speed of sound waves in the water c
depends, however, on the
temperature and (to a smaller degree) on the
salinity and the water pressure.
For that reason athermistoris mounted near the
transducers. (Athermistoris a resistance, the
magnitude of which depends on the,
temperature.)
Deviations of the sound speed c from the normal
value are passed to the system computer for
correction of its calculations.
C M E T,

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG
Given a propagation angle of 60, cos 60 = 0.5
As
fd =2vftcos60/C = vft/C
It follows that if the angle changes, the speed
calculated will be in error because the angle of
propagation has been applied to the speed
calculation formula in this way. If the vessel is not
in correct trim (or pitching in heavy weather) the
longitudinal parameters will change and the
speed indicated
will be in error.

C M E T,

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG
Janusconfiguration
To counteract this effect to some extent, two
acoustic beams are transmitted, one ahead and
one astern. The transducer assembly used for
this type of transmission is called a Janus
configuration after the Roman god who reputedly
possessed two faces and was able to see into
both the future (ahead) and the past (back).
A 3 change of trim on a vessel in a forward
pointing Doppler system will produce a 5%
velocity error. With a Janus configuration
C
M
E
T,
transducer system, the error is reduced

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG
Janusconfiguration
The speeds from both transducers are added and
divided by 2
When there is no trim
fd1 =2vftcos60/C , fd2 =2vftcos60/C fd = vft/C
(cos 60=2)
Assume the trim is a0
fd1 =2vftcos(60-a0)/C , fd2 = 2vftcos(60+a0)/C
fd = 2vft(cos60.cosa0)/C
As a0 is small cosa0 will be close to 1

C M E T,

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG

Due to theJanusconfiguration a linear relationship

exists between the speed of the vessel and the
measured frequency shift.
A further advantage is that vertical movements of
the ship cause equal changes to the Doppler shifts
in the forward and backward beams, so the
difference remains the same.Vertical movements
of the ship donot therefore influence the Doppler
shift.

C M E T,

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG
For measuring the athwart ship
speed, a similarJanus
configuration is mounted at an
angle of 90 deg. with the
along ships transducers;
A typical transducer arrangement
Is shown in figure which
Measures speed in fore and aft
as well as athwart ship direction.

C M E T,

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG

Measurement of ship's speed relative to

bottom or to water
Owing to absorption by particles in the water at a
depth of
200 to 400 metres, the so-calleddeep scattering
layer(DSL), a Doppler log may only function, down
to about 200 metres, unless the set is equipped to
work in the layer of 10-30 metres below the
surface.
Whenreflections are received from this layer the
speed of the ship relative to that layer,
C M Eand
T, not

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG

Apart from the effect of the Deep Scattering Layer,

the water
at 10 to 30 metres below the keel also causes an
echo and Dopplereffectby volume-reverberation.
This is called 'water track' (as opposed to 'bottom
track').In deep water there is a considerable
difference between the
time of propagation for bottom reflection and that
for reflection from the mass of water at a depth of
10 to 30
metres. Receivers can be made operative
for only a
C M E T,

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG

Suppose that the receiver has bottom contact, with the

windowoccurringa short time after, transmission.If
the Doppler
log then loses bottom contact, the window is
automatically shifted to occur immediately after pulse
transmission.
As a result, the receiver reacts only to reflections from
the 10-30-metre water layer. When this happens,
'bottom track' indicator is replaced by 'water track'.
When sufficiently low frequencies are used, echoes
E T, of 600
may still arrive from a rocky bottom C
at M
a depth

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG
The Doppler system calculates speed to within an
accuracy of about 0.5 percent of the distance
traveled.; unfortunately, however, it sometimes
does
not function correctly during docking if the screws
of tugs
cause air bubbles (which reflect sound waves) to
pass through the beams (aeration).Since the
sound waves are reflected off by the water air
barrier the Doppler may give wrong
readings.
C M E T,

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG ERROR

There are primarily following errors to be aware of when
using the Doppler system:
1. Trim variation error (reduced to manageable level
with Janus configuration.)
2. Transducer orientation error caused when the pitching
or rolling of the vessel becomes excessive
3. Vessel motion error caused by excessive vibration of
the vessel as it moves through the water
4. Velocity of sound errors due to changes in water
temperature or density due to salinity and particle
content
5. Signal loss errors caused by attenuation of the
M EorT,upon
vibrations during transit through theCwater

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG
The Doppler system can be connected with other
electronic navigation systems providing generally
accurate speed input.

The navigator should be cautioned,

that precise speed should be
determined not only by using the
Doppler but also from careful
calculations of distances between
C M E T,
accurate navigational fixes.

LOGS

DOPPLER LOG

O PERFORMANCE STANDAR

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SEPERAT
E

C M E T,