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Fluids
Mass Density
Fluids are materials that can flow, and they include both gases and liquids.
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SI Unit of Mass Density: kg/m
1
Solids
3
(Unit: kg/m )
Aluminum
2 700
Ice
Brass
8 470
Iron (steel)
7 860
Concrete
2 200
Lead
11300
Copper
8 890
Quartz
2 660
Diamond
3 520
Silver
10 500
Gold
19 300
917
550
Gases
Liquids
Blood (whole,
37C)
1060
Ethyl alcohol
806
Mercury
13600
Oil (hydraulic)
Water (4 C)
800
1 103
Air
1.29
Carbon dioxide
1.98
Helium
0.179
Hydrogen
0.0899
Nitrogen
1.25
Oxygen
1.43
Example1.
Blood as a Fraction of Body Weight
The body of a man whose weight is 690 N contains about 5.2 10
3
m (5.5 qt) of blood. (a) Find the
(a)
(b)
Pressure
2
The SI unit for pressure is a newton/meter
2
(N/m ), a combination that is referred to as a
pascal (Pa).
5
10 Pa = 1 bar
Another unit for pressure is pounds per square
2
inch (lb/in. ), often abbreviated as psi.
Example2.
The Force on a Swimmer
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Suppose the pressure acting on the back of a swimmers hand is 1.2 10 Pa, a realistic value near the
3 2
bottom of the diving end of a pool. The surface area of the back of the hand is 8.4 10 m (a) Determine
the magnitude of the force that acts on it. (b) Discuss the direction of the force.
(a)
(b) The hand (palm downward) is oriented parallel to the bottom of the pool. Since the water pushes perpendicularly against the back
of the hand, the force F is directed downward in the drawing. This downward-acting force is balanced by an upward-acting force on
the palm, so that the hand is in equilibrium. If the hand were rotated by 90, the directions of these forces would also be rotated by
90, always being perpendicular to the hand.
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ConceptualExample3.
The Hoover Dam
Lake Mead is the largest wholly artificial reservoir in the
United States and was formed after the completion of the
Hoover Dam in 1936. The water in the reservoir backs up
behind the dam for a considerable distance (about 200 km
or 120 miles). Suppose that all the water were removed,
except for a relatively narrow vertical column in contact
with the dam.
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A side view of this hypothetical situation, in which the water against the dam has the same depth as
in Figure part a. Would the Hoover Dam still be needed to contain the water in this hypothetical
reservoir, or could a much less massive structure do the job?
The dam for our imaginary reservoir would sustain the same forces that the Hoover Dam sustains
and would need to be equally large.
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Since points A, B, C, and D are at the same distance h beneath the liquid surface, the
pressure at each of them is the same.
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16
(a)
h = 0 m,
(b)
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ConceptualExample6.
Pumping Water
Two methods for pumping water from a well. In one method,
the pump is submerged in the water at the bottom of the well,
while in the other, it is located at ground level. If the well is
shallow, either technique can be used. However, if the well is
very deep, only one of the methods works. Which is it?
A ground-level (on top of the ground) pump can only cause water
to rise to a certain maximum height, so it cannot be used for very
deep wells.
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B,
C, and C
A B: Increase
B C: Decrease
D: Remain constant
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D, does the
Pressure Gauges
The atmospheric pressure can be determined
from the height h of the mercury in the tube,
the density
PA = PB
(PB is Atmospheric pressure.)
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P1 hg PA
If P1=0, then
If liquid is mercury,
PA hg
13.6 103 kg / m 3
What if water
( 1 103 )
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Pascal's Principle
PASCALS PRINCIPLE
Any change in the pressure applied to a completely
enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all
parts of the fluid and the enclosing walls.
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(a)
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(b)
P2 = P1 +
gh
P2=F2/(r2 )andP1=F1/(r1 ):
F2
F1
gh
2
2
r2 r1
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Archimedes' Principle
Buoyant force exists because fluid pressure is larger at greater
depths.
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ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
Any fluid applies a buoyant force to an object that is partially or completely immersed in it; the
magnitude of the buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid that the object displaces:
FB
Wfluid
Weight of displaced fluid
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The effect that the buoyant force has depends on its strength compared with the strengths
of the other forces that are acting.
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(a)
3
3
pine = 550 kg/m , Vpine = 4.0 m 4.0 m 0.30 m = 4.8 m
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(b)
FB = 26 000 N = Wfluid ,
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35
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(c)
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Fluids in Motion
In steady flow the velocity of the fluid particles at any point is constant as time passes.
Unsteady flow exists whenever the velocity at a point in the fluid changes as time passes.
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A streamline is a line drawn in the fluid such that a tangent to the streamline at any point is
parallel to the fluid velocity at that point.
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40
41
m2
2 A2 v2
t
m1
1 A1v1
t
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EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
The mass flow rate ( Av) has the same value at every position along a tube that has a single entry
and a single exit point for fluid flow. For two positions along such a tube
1 A1v1 2 A2 v 2
3
= fluid density (kg/m )
2
A = cross-sectional area of tube (m )
2
v = fluid speed (m )
Incompressible fluid
A1v1=A2v2
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45
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Speed
Increases
Speed
Decreases
Speed is
Constant
a.
A, B
D, E
b.
A, C, E
c.
D, E
A, B
d.
A, C, E
e.
A, B
C, D
d
48
Bernoulli's Equation
49
(a)In this horizontal pipe, the pressure in region 2 is greater than that in region 1. The difference in pressures
leads to the net force that accelerates the fluid to the right.
(b)When the fluid changes elevation, the pressure at the bottom is greater than that at the top, assuming the
cross-sectional area of the pipe is constant.
50
51
BERNOULLIS EQUATION
In the steady flow of a nonviscous, incompressible fluid of density
52
53
ConceptualExample13.
Tarpaulins and Bernoullis Equation
A tarpaulin is a piece of canvas that is used to cover a cargo, like that pulled by the truck. When the truck
is stationary the tarpaulin lies flat, but it bulges outward when the truck is speeding down the highway.
Account for this behavior.
54
Example14.
An Enlarged Blood Vessel
An aneurysm is an abnormal enlargement of a blood vessel such as the aorta. Suppose that, because of an
aneurysm, the cross-sectional area A1 of the aorta increases to a value A2 = 1.7A1. The speed of the blood
3
(
= 1060 kg/m ) through a normal portion of the aorta is v1 = 0.40 m/s. Assuming that the aorta is
horizontal (the person is lying down), determine the amount by which the pressure P2 in the enlarged
region exceeds the pressure P1 in the normal region
55
56
57
58
59
a. A and B (a tie), C
b. C, A and B (a tie)
c. B, C, A
d. C, B, A
e. A, B, C
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Viscous Flow
(a) In ideal (nonviscous) fluid flow, all fluid
particles across the pipe have the same velocity.
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62
where
Av
F
y
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Values of viscosity depend on the nature of the fluid. Under ordinary conditions, the viscosities of liquids are
significantly larger than those of gases. Moreover, the viscosities of either liquids or gases depend markedly on
temperature. Usually, the viscosities of liquids decrease as the temperature is increased. In contrast, the viscosities of
gases increase as the temperature is raised. An ideal fluid has
= 0 P.
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3
Factors that determine the volume flow rate Q (in m /s) of the fluid.
First, a difference in pressures P2 P1 must be maintained between any two locations along the pipe for the fluid to
flow. In fact, Q is proportional to P2 P1, a greater pressure difference leading to a larger flow rate.
Second, a long pipe offers greater resistance to the flow than a short pipe does, and Q is inversely proportional to the
length L. Because of this fact, long pipelines, such as the Alaskan pipeline, have pumping stations at various places
along the line to compensate for a drop in pressure (see Figure 11.40).
Third, high-viscosity fluids flow less readily than low-viscosity fluids, and Q is inversely proportional to the viscosity
.
Finally, the volume flow rate is larger in a pipe of larger radius, other things being equal.
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POISEUILLES LAW
A fluid whose viscosity is
rate Q given by
R P2 P1
Q
8L
4
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Example16.GivinganInjection
A hypodermic syringe is filled with a solution whose
3
viscosity is 1.5 10 Pas. As the figure shows, the plunger
5 2
area of the syringe is 8.0 10 m , and the length of the
needle is 0.025 m. The internal radius of the needle is 4.0
4
10 m. The gauge pressure in a vein is 1900 Pa (14 mm of
mercury). What force must be applied to the plunger, so
6 3
that 1.0 10 m of solution can be injected in 3.0 s?
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Concepts&CalculationsExample17.
Pressure and Force
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The figure shows a rear view of a loaded two-wheeled wheelbarrow on a horizontal surface. It has
balloon tires and a weight of W = 684 N, which is uniformly distributed. The left tire has a contact area
4 2
with the ground of AL = 6.610 m , whereas the right tire is underinflated and has a contact area of
4 2
AR = 9.910 m . Find the force and the pressure that each tire applies to the ground.
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Concepts&CalculationsExample18.
The Buoyant Force
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A father (weight W = 830 N) and his daughter (weight W = 340 N) are spending the day at the lake. They
are each sitting on a beach ball that is just submerged beneath the water. Ignoring the weight of the air
within the balls and the parts of their legs that are underwater, find the radius of each ball.
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Conceptual Question 19
REASONING AND SOLUTION Consider a stream of water that falls from a faucet. According to the equation of continuity,
Av
stream). As the water falls, it is accelerated due to gravity; therefore, the speed of the water increases as it falls. Since the
the mass flow rate
density of water is uniform throughout the stream, when v increases, the cross-sectional area A of the stream must decrease in
order to maintain a constant mass flow rate. Therefore, the cross-sectional area of the stream becomes smaller as the water
falls.
If the water is shot upward, as it is in a fountain, the velocity of the stream is upward, while the acceleration due to gravity
is directed downward. Therefore, the speed of the stream decreases as the stream rises. Since v decreases, the cross-sectional
area A must increase in order to maintain a constant mass flow rate
becomes larger as the water is shot upward.
Av
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Problem 25
REASONING AND SOLUTION
P = F/A =
3
3
2
*
gh = (1.00 10 kg/m )(9.80 m/s )(71 m)
7.0 105 Pa
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Problem 48
REASONING AND SOLUTION Only the weight of the block compresses the spring. Applying Hooke's
law gives W = kx. The spring is stretched by the buoyant force acting on the block minus the weight of
the block. Hooke's law again gives FB W = 2kx. Eliminating kx gives FB = 3W. Now FB =
that the volume of the block is
3
3
2 3
V = 3M / w = 3(8.00 kg)/(1.00 * 10 kg/m ) = 2.40 * 10 m
3
3 3
Vw = M/ b = (8.00 kg)/(840 kg/m ) = 9.52 * 10 m
V Vw = 1.45*10
-2
3
m
100(1.45* 10
2
)/(2.40*10 ) =
60.3 %
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w gV, so
Problem52
REASONING
a. According to Equation 11.10, the volume flow rate Q is equal to the product of the cross-sectional area A of
the artery and the speed v of the blood, Q = Av. Since Q and A are known, we can determine v .
b. Since the volume flow rate Q2 through the constriction is the same as the volume flow rate Q1 in the normal
part of the artery, Q2 = Q1. We can use this relation to find the blood speed in the constricted region.
Solution
a. Since the artery is assumed to have a circular cross-section, its cross-sectional area is A1 =
is the radius. Thus, the speed of the blood is
r12
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, where r1
v1
Q1
A1
Q1
r12
3.6 106 m3 / s
5.2 10 m
b. The volume flow rate is the same in the normal and constricted parts of the artery, so Q2 = Q1. Since
Q2 A2v2 ,
the blood speed is v2 = Q2/A2 = Q1/A2. We are given that the radius of the constricted part of
the artery is one-third that of the normal artery, so
r2 13 r1.
constriction is
v2
Q1
A2
Q1
r22
Q1
13 r1
3.6 106 m3 / s
1
3
5.2 103 m
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0.38 m/s
Problem 57
REASONING AND SOLUTION
a. Using Equation 11.12, the form of Bernoulli's equation with y1=y2 , we have
3
1.29
kg/m
2
1
2
2
2
150 Pa
P1 P2 v2 v1
(15
m/s)
0
m/s
2
2
b. The pressure inside the roof is greater than the pressure on the outside. Therefore, there is a net outward
force on the roof. If the wind speed is sufficiently high, some roofs are "blown outward."
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Problem 60
Reasoning
a. The drawing shows two points,
P1=1 atmosphere
1
v1 = 0 m/s
y1
P2=1 atmosphere
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b. The number of cubic meters per second of water that leaves the dam is the volume flow rate Q.
According to Equation 11.10, the volume flow rate is the product of the cross-sectional area A2 of the
crack and the speed v2 of the water; Q = A2v2
Solutions
P1
1
2
2
v1
gy1 P2
1
2
2
v2
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gy2
Q A2v2 1.30 10 m
m /s
Problem 77
REASONING The drawing at the
right shows the situation. As discussed
in Conceptual Example 6, the job of the
pump is to draw air out of the pipe that
dips down into the water. The
atmospheric pressure in the well then
pushes the water upward into the pipe.
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In the drawing, the best the pump can do is to remove all of the air, in which case, the pressure P1 at the
top of the water in the pipe is zero. The pressure P2 at the bottom of the pipe at point A is the same as that
at the point B, namely, it is equal to atmospheric pressure (
can be applied to
1.013 10 Pa
P2 P1 gh
SOLUTION Setting
P 0
P1
1.013 10 5 Pa
h
10.3 m
3
3
2
g (1.000 10 kg / m ) (9.80 m / s )
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Problem87
REASONING AND SOLUTION Let rh represent the inside radius of the hose, and rp the radius of the
plug, as suggested by the figure below.
hose
plug
r
r
h
86
v1
v2
rh2
rp2
2
rh
rp
r
or
rp
rh
rp
v1
2
1
0.816
rh
3v1
3
87
v1
v2