POWER ELECTRONICS

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Electronics Engineering / Electronics & Communication
Engineering /Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
B. E. SEMESTER: VII

Subject Name: Power Electronics

Subject Code: 171002
Teaching Scheme
Theory
2
Sr.
No
1.

Tutorial
0

Practical
2

Total
4

Evaluation Scheme

University Exam
(E)
Theory
Practical
70

30

Course Content
Power semiconductor devices:

3.

Introduction, Power Diodes, Power BJT, Thyristor Characteristics, Two

Transistor model of Thyristor, Series and Parallel operation of Thyristors,
Power MOSFET, GTO, IGBT, SIT- Device Structures and Characteristics,
Handling precautions and power dissipation in all these devices, Turn ONTurn OFF methods and Circuits, Protections, Ratings and applications,
Handling precautions and power dissipation in all these devices..
Controlled Rectifiers:
Controlled Rectifiers, Single phase power circuits, Three phase controlled
rectifier circuits, Analysis of Controlled Rectifiers with resistive and
inductive load and speed control of motors.
DC Chopper:

4.

Introduction, Principle of operation, analysis with waveforms of Step-Down

and Step-Up choppers, buck, boost and buck-boost Converter. Chopper
classifications, Chopper control of motors
Invertors:

2.

Principal of Operation of Pulse Width Modulated Inverters, Performance

Parameters, Single Phase and Three Phase Bridge Inverters.

Mid Sem
Exam
(Theory)
(M)
30

Practical
(Internal)
20
Total
Hrs.
8

5.

Applications:
Uninterruptible Power Supply, Switched mode Power Supply, RF Heating,
Battery Charger.

Text/Reference Books:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Power Electronics - Circuit, Devices and Applications, M. Rashid, Pearson Education

Power Electronic, M.D. Singh and Khanchandani, Tata McGraw Hill Publications.
Power Electronics: Essential and Applications, L. Umanand, wiley India pvt.Ltd.
Power Electronics: Joseph Vithyathil , Tata McGraw Hill Publications

What is Power Electronics?

In the broadest sense, the task of power electronics is to process
and control the flow of electric energy by supplying voltages and
currents in a form that is optimally suited for user loads.
Power
Output
Power Input

Power Processor
(Power Electronic Circuit)

Control Signals
Controller

Load

Measurements
Reference
3

Power Electronics versus Linear Electronics

In power electronic concept, power electronic devices

are
shown as switches. Every type of semiconductor
device

is

operating

in

switching

mode.

This

is

important for high efficient power transfer from one

type of electrical energy to another. Devices which
operate in linear mode are not useful in high efficient
power transfer because of their relatively higher losses
.

Areas of Application of Power Electronics

High frequency power
conversion
- DC/DC, inverters
Low frequency power
conversion
- Line rectifiers
Distributed power
systems
Power devices

Power Transmission
- HVDC
- HVAC
Power quality
- Power factor
correction
- Harmonic reduction
Passive filtering
Active filtering

Some Applications
Heating and lighting control
Induction heating
Fluorescent lamp ballasts
- Passive
- Active

Motor drives
Battery chargers
Electric vehicles
- Motors
- Regenerative braking

Switching power supplies

Spacecraft power systems
- Battery powered
Flywheel powered

Uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS)
Electric power transmission
Automotive electronics
- Electronic ignitions
- Alternators

Energy storage
- Flywheels
- Capacitors
- SMES

Power conditioning for

alternative power sources
- Solar cells
- Fuel cells
- Wind turbines
7

Power Electronic Converters

Rectifying

A.C.
Chopping

D.C.
Chopping

Inverting

=
7

Losses in Power Electronics

In semiconductor components:
Switching losses
Conduction losses
In passive components (C & L):
Effective series resistance (ESR)
Power electronics are normally designed as efficient as practical for two
reasons:
Cost of wasted energy
Difficulty in heat removal
Typical efficiencies are in the range of 90-99% for each conversion
stage, depending on the exact converter topology.

Forward conduction loss

Ion

Ion

+Von

+Von
Ideal switch

Real switch

Ideal switch:
Zero voltage drop across it during turn-on (Von).
Although the forward current ( Ion ) may be large, the losses on the switch is
zero.

Real switch:
Exhibits forward conduction voltage (on state) (between 1-3V, depending on
type of switch) during turn on.
Losses is measured by product of volt-drop across the device Von with the
current, Ion, averaged over the period.

Major loss at low frequency and DC

10

Blocking state loss

During turn-off, the switch blocks large voltage.

Ideally no current should flow through the switch. But for real
switch a small amount of leakage current may flow. This creates
turn-off or blocking state losses

The leakage current during turn-off is normally very small,

Hence the turn-off losses are usually neglected.

11

Switching loss
v

P=vi

i
Energy
time

time

Ideal switching profile

(turn on)

Ideal switch:

During turn-on and turn off, ideal switch requires zero transition time. Voltage and
current are switched instantaneously.
Power loss due to switching is zero

Real switch:

Real switching profile

(turn-on)

During switching transition, the voltage requires time to fall and the current requires
time to rise.
The switching losses is the product of device voltage and current during

transition.

Major loss at high frequency operation

12

Power Electronics Building Blocks

Capacitors

Inductors

Semiconductors
Diodes

Switches

Inductors and Capacitors

Inductor:

V = L di/dt

The current in an inductor cannot change instantaneously!

Capacitor: i = C dV/dt
The voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously!

These passive components are fundamental to the

operation of all power electronics.

Semiconductor Devices
Diodes
Thyristors

Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)

Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect

Transistors (MOSFETs)

Gate Turn Off Thyristors (GTOs)

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)

MOS-Controlled Thyristors (MCTs)

Semiconductor Devices

Ratings of Power Devices

17

Devices Symbols and Characteristics

18

Devices Symbols and Characteristics

19

General Purposes Diodes

20

Thyristors

21

General Purposes Diodes

22

Thyristors

23