TYPES OF PORTS

IN ADVANCED PROCESSORS

EST PG Dept...

PORTS:
Ports are used to connect external devices to the computer.
a port serves as an interface between the computer and other
computers or peripheral devices
a port is a specialized outlet on a piece of equipment to which
a plug or cable connects

TYPES OF PORTS:
EITHERNET

Ethernet over twisted pair using category 5 cable

IEEE 1394 interface

PARALLEL:

DB-25 connector commonly used for

a parallel port
IEEE 1284 36 pin female on a circuit board

SERIAL:

RS-232

USB:

PS/2:

VGA CONNECTER:

SCSI:

SERIAL COMMUNICATION:
Serial ports are a type of computer interface that complies with
the RS-232 standard.
They are 9-pin connectors that relay information, incoming or outgoing,
one byte at a time.

Each byte is broken up into a series of eight bits, hence the term serial por
Serial ports differ from 25-pin parallel ports in that the parallel
ports transmit one byte at a time by using eight parallel wires that
each carry one bit.

UART Needed:
operating systems in use today support serial ports, because serial ports
have been around for decades.

Serial ports, also called communication (COM) ports, are bi-direction

Bi-directional communication allows each device to receive data as
well as transmit it.

UART Needed cont

Serial devices use different pins to receive and transmit data .

using the same pins would limit communication to half-duplex,

meaning that information could only travel in one direction at a time
Using different pins allows for full-duplex communication,
in which information can travel in both directions at once. This

The UART chip takes the parallel output of the

computer's system bus and transforms it into
serial form for transmission through the serial
port.

This 40-pin Dual Inline Package (DIP) chip is a

variation of the National Semiconductor NS16550D
UART chip.

UART needed cont.

UART chips have a built-in buffer of anywhere from 16 to 64 kilobytes.
Buffer allows the chip to cache data coming in from the system bus
while it is processing data going out to the serial port.
While moststandard serial ports have a maximum transfer rate of
115 Kbps (kilobits per second).

High speed serial ports, such as Enhanced Serial Port (ESP) and Supe
Enhanced Serial Port (Super ESP), can reach data transfer rates of
460 Kbps.

9-pin connector:

1. Carrier Detect - Determines if the modem is connected to a working

phone line.
2. Receive Data - Computer receives information sent from the modem.
3. Transmit Data - Computer sends information to the modem.
4. Data Terminal Ready - Computer tells the modem that it is ready to ta
5. Signal Ground - Pin is grounded.
6. Data Set Ready - Modem tells the computer that it is ready to talk.
7. Request To Send - Computer asks the modem if it can send informatio
8. Clear To Send - Modem tells the computer that it can send information
9. Ring Indicator - Once a call has been placed, computer acknowledges
signal (sent from modem) that a ring is detected.

Going With The Flow:

An important aspect of serial communications is the concept of
flow control.
This is the ability of one device to tell another device to stop
sending data for a while.
The commands Request to Send (RTS), Clear To Send (CTS),
Data Terminal Ready (DTR) and Data Set Ready (DSR) are used to
enable flow control.

Common for serial ports applications :

Computer terminal
Dial-up modems
Printers
Networking (Macintosh AppleTalk at 230.4kbit/s)
Serial Mice
Older Joysticks
GPS receivers (typically NMEA 0183 at 4800bit/s)
Older GSM phones
Satellite phones, low-speed satellite modems and other satellite
based transceiver devices
Microcontroller, EPROM and other programmers
Bar code scanners and other point of sale devices
LED and LCD text displays
Homemade electronic devices

ADVANTAGES:
serial port needs only one wire to transmit
the 8 bits (while a parallel port needs 8).
DISADVANTAGES:
It takes 8 times longer to transmit the data than it would if
there were 8 wires.
Serial ports lower cable costs and make cables smaller.

PARALLEL COMMUNICATION:
Carries multiple bits from one devices to another devices.
Composed of multiples data wires running parallel from one device
to another.
Each data wires are capable of carrying one bit of data.

METHOD FOR PARALLEL DATA TRANSFER:

There are four methods in which data transfer is made.

Namely
1.simple input and output
2.simple strobe i/o
3.single handshake i/o
4.double handshake i/o.

SIMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT:

When you need the output to LED, just connect the i/p of
led to o/p port pin.
LED is always there and ready , so you can send the data at any time.
SIMPLE STROBE I/O:
Here valid data is present only at a certain time.
When key is pressed, ASCII value is present on eight parallel line.
Then strobe signal is send to indicate valid data is present on data lines.
It is suitable only for low rate data transfer. Because at high data rate
no signal is there to tell when it is safe to send.

SINGLE HANDSHAKE I/O:

It has two control signals for data transfer. They are
1.strobe
2.acknowledge
When low on strobe is detected, processor reads the data.
Then high ACK is to say that data is read and you can send next data.
The next is not send unless ACK is received.
DOUBLE HANDSHAKE I/O:
Handshake between transmitter and receiver is as follows:
. STB low are you ready
. ACK high ready
. STB high here are some valid data
. ACK low - I have data, thank you and I await your
request to send next byte of data.

PARALLEL PORT VIEW:

ISA BUS:
ISA means Industry Standard Architecture.
It is created by IBM in 1991.

It is of 16 bits data line and at speed of 4.77 MHZ

It can operates only with 8086,80186 processors and IBM pc arc
addressing limitations, interrupt vector assignment taken into account.
I/O PORT ADDERESSING LIMITATIONS:
IBM pc is I/O mapped not memory mapped.
IBM ignores A10-A15 lines. Therefore it has only 1024 I/O port address.

EISA BUS:
EISA means Extended Industry Standard Architecture.
It is of 32 bit data and 32 bit address version of ISA.
And operates at speed of 8MHZ.
Unix and Linux supports the EISA bus driven cards.
VESA LOCAL BUS:
It is named after VESA, the Video Electronics Standards Association,
which created the standard .
It is 32 bits wide and operated at the speed of the processor itself.
The VL-Bus essentially tied directly into the CPU. This worked okay for a
single device, or maybe even two.
But connecting more than two devices to the VL-Bus introduced the
possibility of interference with performances of cpu

PCI BUS:
During the early 1990s, Intel introduced a new bus standard,
the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus
PCI presents a hybrid of sorts between ISA and VL-Bus.
It provides direct access to system memory for connected devices.

But uses a bridge to connect to the front side bus and therefore to the CPU
ARM BUS:
Arm bus is designed by arm corporation and to interface with
only arm line of processors.
It has 32-bit data transfer,32-bit addressing and implemented using
synchronous data transfer architecture.
Transfer rate is not specified instead it is function of clock speed.
If the clock is denoted by X ,then transfer rate is 16*X bits/s.

ADVANTAGE:

It has high throughput when the length is short.

DISADVANTAGES:

When the length of increases, it result in high capacitance values.

Due to which it will require more time to charge or discharge.

Small variations in length cause received data bits at different time

Such misalignment is more when length increases.

More costly to construct and bulky when insulation to

be provided between them

USB PORTS:

USB vs FIREWARE:

Our Public
Stations

Top two are FireWire

Middle two are USB

FLASH DRIVES:

USB Drive
Flash Drive
Thumb Drive
Pen Drive
Jump Drive
Chip Stick

Capacity varies with price:

64MB
128MB
256MB
512MB
1 GB (1024 MB)
2 GB
????
Compare to:
Floppy: 1.4 MB
CD-ROM: 700 MB
DVD-ROM: 4.7 GB

Flash Drives

USING A FLASH
DRIVE:

Insert into USB slot

Wait for Windows to detect and assign
drive letter.
Use as if it were another hard drive or like
the P drive, by its letter.

REMOVING FLASH
DRIVE:

Close all applications/windows that could have a

file open on it!
Click on the tiny green arrow in the bottom right
System Tray, then click the popup words Safely
remove USB Storage Device...
Wait for the popup balloon, Safe to Remove
Hardware
Pull drive out smoothly.
Alternative safe to remove when computer is
OFF.

CARE OF FLASH DRIVE:

Keep connector tip covered when not in use

(cap or sliding built in cover)

Extension Cables
were buying for older computers
Keep plugged in back.
Attach flash drive to front end.
Remove is same procedure!

Misc. Tidbit about USB speed:

USB 1.1 vs. USB 2.0

USB 1.1 max speed 12MB/sec
USB 2.0 max speed 480MB/sec
Firewire (1394) max speed 400MB/sec
Always safe to plug USB 1.1 device
into 2.0 slot and a USB 2.0 device into
a 1.1 slot
our older white computers are USB
1.1, the new black computers are all
USB 2.0.

BIBLOGRAPHY:
Embedded system design by Frank vahid and Tony
Givargis.
Microprocessor and interfacing by Douglas V Hall.
Embedded Systems- Architecture, Programming and
Design by Raj Kamal.

WEB REFERENCES:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel _ port
computer.howstcouffworks.com/parallel-port.html
http//:www.trap17.com/index.php/