Sudiro

Blagung, Simo, Boyolali

Satu Istri, 3 anak
SD 1982
SMP 1985
SPK 1988
AMK 1998
SKp, NS 2001
MASTER EDUCATION 2005
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Endocrine

Nervus

Anatomy and
Physiology Endocrine
System

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The endocrine system, along with the nervous

system, functions in the regulation of body
activities.

The nervous system acts through electrical

impulses and neurotransmitters to cause muscle
contraction and glandular secretion.

The effect is of short duration, measured in

seconds, and localized.

The endocrine system acts through chemical

messengers called hormones that influence
growth, development, and metabolic activities.

The action of the endocrine system is measured in

minutes, hours, or weeks and is more generalized
than the action of the nervous system
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The Categories of glands in

the body

Endocrine Glands
The endocrine glands do not have ducts to carry their
product to a surface. They are called ductless glands.
The secretory products of endocrine glands are called
hormones and are secreted directly into the blood.

Exocrine Glands
Exocrine glands have ducts that carry their secretory
product to a surface.
These glands include the sweat, mammary glands,
lacrimal glands.

ENDOCRINE
GLANDS

Pituitary Gland
Located

in the sella turcica;

Connected directly to the
hypothalamus.
Central integration of neurologic and
endocrine systems

Pituitary Gland

ANTERIOR
(adenohypophysi
s)

POSTERIOR
(Neurohypophysi
s)
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ANTERIOR LOBE (adenohypophysis)

Growth hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Gonadotropic hormones
Prolactin hormone

POSTERIOR LOBE (Neurohypophysis)

Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin

Growth hormone

Growth hormone is a protein that stimulates the

growth of bones, muscles, and other organs.

This hormone drastically affects the appearance

of an individual because it influences height.

If there is too little growth hormone in a child,

that person may become a pituitary dwarf of
normal proportions but small stature.

An excess of the hormone in a child results in

an exaggerated bone growth, and the individual
becomes exceptionally tall or a giant.

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Thyroid-stimulating
hormone

Thyroid-stimulating
hormone, or thyrotropin,
causes the glandular
cells of the thyroid to
secrete thyroid hormone.

When there is a
hypersecretion of
thyroid-stimulating
hormone, the thyroid
gland enlarges and
secretes too much
thyroid hormone.
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Adrenocorticotropic
hormone
Adrenocorticotropic

hormone reacts
with receptor sites in the cortex of
the adrenal gland to stimulate the
secretion of cortical hormones,
particularly cortisol.

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Gonadotropic hormones
Gonadotropic

hormones (FSH, LH)

react with receptor sites in the
gonads, or ovaries and testes, to
regulate the development, growth,
and function of these organs

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Prolactin hormone
Prolactin

hormone promotes the

development of glandular tissue in
the female breast during pregnancy
and stimulates milk production after
the birth of the infant

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Antidiuretic hormone

Antidiuretic hormone promotes the

reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules,
with the result that less water is lost as urine.

This mechanism conserves water for the body.

Insufficient amounts of antidiuretic hormone

cause excessive water loss in the urine

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Oxytocin hormone
Oxytocin

causes contraction of the

smooth muscle in the wall of the
uterus.

It

also stimulates the ejection of milk

from the lactating breast.

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Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a

very vascular organ
that is located in the
neck.

The two lobes are

connected by a narrow
band of tissue called
the isthmus.

Hormones: Thyroxin
(T4), Triodotironin (T3),
Calcitonin

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Regulation of tyroids
hormon

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T 4 & T3 hormone

Metabolism Thyroid hormones stimulate

metabolic activities most tissues, leading to an
increase in basal metabolic rate increase body
heat production & oxygen consumption.

Growth: Thyroid hormones are clearly necessary

for normal growth in children.

Development thyroid hormone are essential to

the development of the fetal and neonatal brain.

Thyroid hormones increases heart rate, cardiac

contractility and cardiac output.

Reproductive system
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Calcitonin hormone
Calcitonin

plays a role in calcium and

phosphorus metabolism.

Deposit calcium in the bone.

Increased calcium release in the kidney.
Inhibiting absorption of calcium in the
gastrointestinal.

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Parathyroid Gland

Four small masses.

Parathyroid
hormone or
parathormone

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Function of the Parathyroid

hormone

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Adrenal Gland

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Epinephrine

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Regulation of the
glucocorticoid hormone

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Glucocorticoid Hormone

Stimulation of gluconeogenesis, particularly

in the liver.
Mobilization of amino acids from
extrahepatic tissues.
Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose
tissue
Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.
Maturation of the lung and production of
the surfactant in the fetal.
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Mineralocorticoid hormone
Increased

resorption of sodium

Increased

resorption of water, with

consequent expansion of
extracellular fluid volume.

Increased renal excretion of

potassium.

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Catecholamin (adrenalin)

Increased rate and force of contraction of the

heart muscle.
Constriction of blood vessels.
Dilation of bronchioles.
Stimulation of lipolysis in fat cells.
Increased metabolic rate: oxygen consumption
and heat production.
Promote breakdown of glycogen in skeletal
muscle to provide glucose for energy production.
Dilation of the pupils.
Inhibition of gastrointestinal secretion and motor
activity.
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Pancreas Gland

Alpha cells secrete

the hormone
glucagon.
Beta cells produce
hormone insulin.
Delta cells (D cells)
secrete the
hormone
Somatostatin.
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Glucagon hormone
The

major effect of glucagon is to

stimulate an increase in blood
concentration of glucose.
Glucagon stimulates breakdown of
glycogen stored in the liver
Glucagon activates hepatic
gluconeogenesis.

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INSULIN HORMONE

To decrease the concentration of glucose

in blood

Insulin facilitates entry of glucose into muscle,

adipose and several other tissues
Insulin stimulates the liver to store glucose in
the form of glycogen

Insulin promotes synthesis of fatty acids in

the liver.
Insulin inhibits breakdown of fat in adipose
tissue
Insulin promotes synthesis of protein
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Regulation of the Pancreas

hormone

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Testis

Testosterone,
The growth and
development of the
male reproductive
structures
Increased skeletal and
muscular growth
Enlargement of the
larynx voice changes
Growth and distribution
of body hair
Increased male sexual
drive

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Ovaries

Estrogen
Progesteron
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Regulation of the estrogen

progesteron hormone

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Estrogen hormone
The

development of the breasts

Distribution of fat evidenced in the
hips, legs, and breast
Maturation of reproductive organs
such as the uterus and vagina

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Progesteron hormone
Progesteron

causes the uterine lining

to thicken in preparation for
pregnancy.

Progesterone

& estrogens are

responsible for the changes that
occur in the uterus during the female
menstrual cycle.

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Thymus Gland

Hormone : thymosin
Stimulates the
maturation of
lymphocytes in other
lymphatic organs

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