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FUNCTIONS AND
GRAPHS
DEFINITION
Relation is referred to as any set of ordered
pair. Conventionally, It is represented by the
ordered pair (x , y), x is called the first element
or x-coordinate while y is the second element
or y-coordinate of the ordered pair.
4. Graph
2. Tabular form
5. Mapping
3. Equation
1. Set notation
(a) S = { (0, 0) , (1, 2) , (2, 4), (3, 6) } or
(b) S = { (x , y) such that y = 2x, x = 0, 1, 2,
3}
2. Tabular
form
0
x
y
3. Equation: y = 2x
5. Mapping
4. Graph
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0
1
1 2 3 4 5
D: { 4,5,6,7,8}
R:{7,8,9,10,11}
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2.)
S = { ( x , y ) s. t. y = | x | ; x R }
Answer:
3)
(,)
[0,)
y=x2 5
(,)
4)
Answer:
[5,)
|y|= x
(,)
[0,)
7
2x
5. y
x2
D : (,)except 2
6. y
D : [1,)
x 1
Answer:
D: all real nos. except -2
R: all real nos. except 2
R : (,)except 2
Answer :
D: all real nos. > 1
R: all real nos.
R : (,)
Definition: Function
A function is a special relation such that every
first element is paired to a unique second
element.
It is a set of ordered pairs with no two pairs
having the same first element.
Functions
One-to-one and many-to-one functions
Consider the following graphs
y sin x
y x 1
and
x maps to
only one value of y . . .
and each y is mapped
from only one x.
Each value of
x maps to only
one value of y . . .
BUT many other x values
map to that y.
Each value of
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Functions
One-to-one and many-to-one functions
Consider the following graphs
y sin x
y x 1
and
is an example of a
y
1
one-to-one function
y sin x is an example of a
many-to-one function
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DEFINITION: Function
Notation
Letters like f , g , h and the likes are used to
designate functions.
When we use f as a function, then for each x
in the domain of f , f ( x ) denotes the image of
x under f .
The notation f ( x ) is read as f of x .
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b) g(f(x))
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Example:
Evaluate each function.
1. :
a.
b.
:
c.
d.
3. :
e.
f.
c. +
d. (k)
c. +
d. (a + 3)
c.
d.
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3x
2. f ( x ) 2 x
( x 2) 2
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Piecewise
Defined
Function
EXAMPLE: Evaluate the piecewise function
at the
indicated values.
x2
1.f ( x )
if x < 0
x 1 if x 0
if x 0
2. f ( x ) 2 x if 0 x 2
( x 2) 2 if x 2
3x
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DEFINITION: Operations on
Functions
If f (x) and g (x) are two functions, then
a)Sum and Difference
( f + g ) ( x ) = f(x) +
g(x)
b)Product
( f g ) ( x ) = [ f(x) ] [ g(x) ]
c)Quotient
( f / g ) ( x ) = f(x) / g(x)
d) Composite
( f g ) ( x ) = f (g(x))
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EXAMPLE:
Example : Given f(x) = 11 x and g(x) = x
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evaluate each of the following
functions:
1. f(-5)
2. g(2)
3. (f g)(5)
4. (f - g)(4)
5. f(7)+g(x)
6. g(-1) f(-4)
7. (f g)(x)
8. (g f)(x)
9. (g f)(2)
10. (f g)(x 2 )
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+ 2x
Operations
Operationson
onFunctions
Functions
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___
___
If and are functions with domains and , then we define the
If and are functions with domains and , then we define the
Functions
Sum
Difference
Difference
Product
Quotient
Quotient
Notations
Domain
Domain:
Domain:
Domain:
Domain:
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End of Discussion
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GRAPH OF A
FUNCTION
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1) y 3 x 5
2) y x 1
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f
x
x
5
4.Square
f x 2x3
5.Cube
6.Square root
f x 16 x2
7.Cube root
f x 3 x
f x 2x 5
8.Absolute value
1
9.Reciprocal
f x
x2 25
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x
x
x
if
if
x0
x0
y=|x7|
y=|x|+2
3.
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0
0
3.4 3
0.1 0 1.2 1 3.4 -4
0.3 0 1.9 1 0.9 -1
0.9
1
2.1
2
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Example:
1.1
0.1 1
0.3 1
1.2 2
0.9
2 2
2.1 3
3.4 4
3.4 -3
0.9 0
1.9 2
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x
2 x 1
1 x 0
0 x 1
1 x 2
2x3
y x
2
1
0
1
2
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x
2 x 1
1 x 0
0 x 1
1 x 2
2x3
y x
1
0
1
2
3
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End of Discussion
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LINEAR FUNCTIONS
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Linear Functions
Slope of a Line
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Slope of a Line
Definition
of the Slope of a Non-vertical Line
The of the line passing through the points and
with is given
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From: y = mx + b
(Slope-Intercept Form)
Then and
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Horizontal
and Vertical Lines
The graph of is a vertical line through . The slope
of the line is undefined.
The graph of is a horizontal line through . The
slope of the line is zero.
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Slope-Intercept
Form
the graph of is a line with slope and
intercept
y
P (x, y)
y-
B (0, b)
b
x
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Two-Point
Form
The graph of is a line passes through and .
P2(x2, y2)
y
P (x, y)
P1(x1 , y1 )
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Intercept
Form
The graph of is a line that passes through the
points and
is the x intercept while is the y - intercept
y
B (0, b)
b
b-y
P (x, y)
A (a, 0)
a-x
x
a
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Examples:
1. Find the slope and the angle of inclination of
the lines through each of the following pair of
points:
a. (-8, -4) and (5, 9) b. (10, -3) and (14, -7)
c. (-11, 4) and (-11, 10) d. (8, 6) and (14,
6)
2. The line segment drawn from (x, 3) to (4, 1)
is perpendicular to the segment drawn from
(-5, -6) to (4, 1). Find the value of x.
3. Prove that the triangle whose vertices are
A(8, -4),
B(5, -1) and C(-2, -8) is a right
triangle.
4. Find y if the slope of the line segment joining
(3, -2) to
(4, y) is -3.
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End of Discussion
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QUADRATIC
FUNCTIONS
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Quadratic Functions
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Parabola
The coordinates of the vertex of the parabola
are .
The equation of the axis of symmetry is .
The parabola opens up when
when .
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Minimum
Function
and
Maximum
of
Quadratic
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Inverse Functions
Definition
of an Inverse
If the ordered pairs of a function are the ordered
pairs of a function with the order of the coordinates
reversed, then is the inverse function of .
Condition for an Inverse Function
A function has an inverse function if and only if
is a one-to-one function.
Alternative Condition for an Inverse Function
If is an increasing function or a decreasing
function, then has an inverse function.
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Consider
Examples:
Find the inverse of the following one-to
one functions. Find the domain and range and
sketch the graph of the inverse function.
1. ,
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Exercise
Solve numbers:
17.
f(x) = - 3x2 + 3x + 7
31.
50.
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Answers
50.
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End of Discussion
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POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
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Definition: Polynomial
Function
A function f(x) is a polynomial function of
degree n if f(x) is of the form
Where all the coefficients for i=0, 1, , n are
real numbers and n is a non-negative integer.
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Examples:
Definition:
polynomials
The
Roots/Zeroes
of
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End of Discussion
SEATWORK
1. -+
ALGEBRAIC
CURVES
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ALGEBRAIC CURVES
An equation involving the variables x
and y is satisfied by an infinite number of
pairs of values of x and y, and each pair
of values corresponds to a point.
When plotted on the Cartesian plane,
these points follows a pattern according
to the given equation and form a definite
geometric figure called the CURVE or
LOCUS OF THE EQUATION.
Each equation corresponds to a
definite curve or locus, or in some cases,
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no locus at all.
PROPERTIES OF CURVES
The following are some properties of an
algebraic curve:
1. Symmetry
2. Intercepts
3. Asymptotes
4. Extent/Scope
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6. Asymptote
Vertical Asymptote (use the factored
form)
Horizontal Asymptote (use the general
form)
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End of Discussion
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