LECTURE

SERIES 1:

WRITING THE
RESEARCH
PAPER

CONCEPTUALIZING A
RESEARCH STUDY

CONCEPTUALIZATION is the
process of refining the important
concepts and terms in
the thesis by giving them
conceptual or theoretical
definitions.

STEP ONE: IDENTIFYING A

TOPIC

1.FINDING YOUR FOCUS

which aspect of your discipline
interest you most?
- what have you observed that you
have questions about?
- what articles have you read that
have raised questions in your mind?
-

STEP ONE: IDENTIFYING A

TOPIC

2. WHAT ARE THE GAPS IN

LITERATURE?
- By topic (What is not being looked at?)
- Methods (What is not being done?)
- Populations (Who is not being studied?)
- Comparisons (Who is not being
compared?)

STEP ONE: IDENTIFYING A

TOPIC

3. WHERE TO START?
- Read
- Detailed literature searches
- Attend seminars, conferences,
presentations
- Discuss subject area with peers
- Listen and ask questions

STEP ONE: IDENTIFYING A

TOPIC

4. REFINING RESEARCH
TOPICS
-

Discuss with fellow researchers

Discuss with stakeholders
Assess what is most critical to learn
Assess research resources available

STEP ONE: IDENTIFYING A

TOPIC

5. QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF

- Is this a good idea?
- Who cares?
- Can it be addressed using appropriate
research methods?
- Will it stimulate interest by others and the
sponsors?
- Is it feasible/practical/doable?
- It is fundable?

WRITING THE RESEARCH

TITLE

Here are basic questions asked about the research

title:
- Does the title describe what the study is all
about?
- Does the title contain high specificity level?
- Is the title academically phrased and is not
verbose?
- Is the title within the 12 substantative word
requirement of the APA?

WRITING THE RESEARCH

TITLE

WRITING THE RESEARCH

TITLE

- Does the title describe what the

study is all about?
- Does the title contain high
specificity level?
- Is the title academically phrased?
- Is the title within the 12 substantive
word requirement of APA?

EXAMPLES:

1. Impact of Parental Support on the Academic

Performance and Self-Concept of the Students
2. Influence of Family and Socio-Demographic Variables on
Students with Low Academic Achievement
3. Private Tutoring and Social Cohesion: An Investigative
Study
4. Attachment and Socialization: The Positive Side of
Social Influence
5. A Comparative Study on the Level of Performance of
Inmates of the New Bilibid Prison and TESDA CenterEnrolled Students on National Certification Assessment
Examination on a Selected Tech-Voc Program

PARTS OF THE PAPER

REQUIRED FOR PROPOSAL
DEFENSE

PROPOSAL DEFENSE

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

Title
Introduction
Problem Statement
Literature Review
Research Question
Methods
Timeline
References

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

SAMEPLE RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES

To compare the level of performance

of inmates of the New Bilibid Prison
and TESDA Center-Enrolled Students
on National Certification assessment
examination on a selected Tech-Voc
program

SAMPLE SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVES

- To assess the level of performance of inmates of

the New Bilibid Prison on national certificate
assessment examination of a selected Tec-Voc
program.
- To evaluate the level of performance of TESDA
Center enrolled students of the New Bilibid
Prison on national certificate assessment
examination of a selected Tec-Voc program.
- To identify the factors that affect the
performance of inmates and TESDA Center enrolled students on the national certificate
assessment examination.

WRITING AN
INTRODUCTION

WHAT SHOULD YOU

CONSIDER?

What is the problem?

Why is it a problem?
How should it be resolved?
Why should it be resolved?
What is the purpose of the
study?

WRITING THE BACKGROUND

OF THE STUDY

BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF A BACKGROUND STUDY?

The background should include:

a. Review of the area being researched
b. Current information surrounding the issue
c. Previous studies on the issue
d. Relevant history on the issue
e. Sets the background information on the
problem

BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY

WHY DO A BACKGROUND STUDY?

- To determine the current state of

knowledge
- To become familiar with current
research

BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY

HOW DO YOU WRITE A BACKGROUND STUDY?

1. Find sufficient sources (primary

and secondary)
2. Record the source of information
3. Write a thesis statement or
research question

FORMULATING THE
HYPOTHESIS

WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS?

- A hypothesis is a tentative statement about

the relationship between two or more
variables.
- A specific, testable prediction about what
you expect to happen in your study.
- Is a proposed explanation to a phenomenon.
- Consists of dependent and independent
variables.

HYPOTHESIS

D E P E N D E N T VA R I A B L E

- Is the outcome
you are
interested in
studying.
- The effect

INDEPENDENT
VA R I A B L E

- The variable that

is producing a
change in the
dependent
variable.
- The cause

EXAMPLE

Ho: There is no significant

difference between the
performance of pupils and the
use of visual aids in teaching
methodologies of Selected
Public School Teachers of Ramon
Magsaysay High School

IDENTIFYING SOURCES &

AREAS FOR RESEARCH

SOURCES

1. PRIMARY SOURCES published

original writings, reflections, and
reports that can be found in periodicals,
monographs, conference proceedings,
books, theses and dissertations.

SOURCES

2. SECONDARY SOURCES are

published writings and reports that
analyze, critique, or report on a primary
source and can be found in periodicals
and reference books.

SOURCES

3. TERTIARY SOURCES are indexes,

dictionaries, guides,
bibliographies/references that aid the
researcher in using primary and
secondary sources.

SOURCES

4. NONDOCUMENTARY SOURCES
are unpublished forms of
communication and information which
can include interviews, conversations
with professionals, students, and other
experts in the field.

SOURCES

5. ONLINE SEARCH information on

the internet through major search
engines such as Google, Yahoo, and
Bing.

REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES

RELATED LITERATURE AND

STUDIES

Consist of written documents and

works. It systematically presents
facts, theories, concepts,
variables, and measures related
to the study as culled from
documents.

RELATED LITERATURE AND

STUDIES

The word review means that the

research goes over the materials,
books, journals, articles, theses,
dissertations and others. The purpose
is to determine what has been
written about the problem. The word
related means similar especially
on the problem dimension.

MAJOR STEPS IN THE RRL

Step 1: Search primary sources

Step 2: Use secondary sources
Step 3: Read primary sources obtain
original outputs that are most central to
your proposed investigation.

MAJOR STEPS IN THE RRL

Step 4: Synthesize the literature

Step 5: Identify recommendations for
further research
Step 6: Seek support for grounded theory
(theory derived from initially collected
data)

RELATED LITERATURE AND

STUDIES

R E L AT E D L I T E R AT U R E

- also called
conceptual
literature.
- remove any
vagueness
- the number of
materials vary
upon the
researchers

R E L AT E D S T U D I E S

- serves as the basis

of the analysis of
results because it
allows the researcher
to compare and
contrast his findings
with previous studies.

INSTITUTIONAL
REQUIREMENT FOR
ORGANIZING RRL

ORGANIZING RRL

1. Chronological
By publication date
By trend

2. Thematic
A structure which considers different themes

3. Methodological
Focuses on the methods of the researcher, e.g.,
qualitative versus quantitative approaches

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHODS

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE METHODS

Research methods are generalized and established

ways of approaching research questions. Research
methods are divided into qualitative and quantitative
approaches and involve the specific study activities of
collecting and analyzing research data in order to
answer the particular research question. It is
important to note that not all methods can be applied
to all research objectives, so it is important to ensure
that the method you choose matches the intention of
your thesis work. -

RESEARCH METHODS

Qualitative methods should be

deployed when the research aims an
in-depth, contextual analysis of a
phenomenon. These methods are very
good for answering the what and who
questions, but not well suited to
answering why and where research
questions.
(http://betterthesis.dk/research-methods/research-methods-summary#sthash.fzBWkBSq.dpuf)

RESEARCH METHODS

Quantitative methods should be

deployed when the research aims to
produce generalizable results that
shows prevalence, incidence, statistical
relationships between variables and
causation. These methods are well
suited to answering why and where
questions, but may lack a deep
understanding of a phenomenon,
particularly if the research area is of a

OTHER REQUIREMENTS

TIMELINE
Note:
Deadline of submission of
the FINAL PROPOSAL
DRAFT
FOR DEFENSE
is on September 24, 2016

REFERENCES
-

Minimum of five books

Maximum of five internet
sites excluding e-books
Minimum of three
journals

LECTURE SERIES 2:
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
SYSTEM OF DOCUMENTATION