Thermodynamics I Lecture 4

General Physics
Thermodynamics I
Lecturer:
PGS TS Nguyn Th Hin
Room 204, E-4,

Mobile: 0913 505436,
E-mail: thehien@vnu.edu.vn; ngthehien@gmail.com
Textbooks:
Fundamentals of Physics,
D. Halliday,R. Resnick, J. Walker, 9th Ed.,

John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Physics for Scientists & Engineers, 8th Ed.,
Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Junior
BrooksCole Cengage Learning, 2010.
University Physics
H.D. Young & R.A. Freedman, Addison Wesley, 13th Ed.
Pearson 2012.
Dr. N.T. Hien VNU - UET
General Physics Thermodynamics I
Lecture 3
Textbook
Fundamentals of Physics, by Halliday & Resnick,

Jearl Walker, Wiley&Sons, Inc.; 9th Edition.
References:
Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, by

Moran, M. J., and H. N. Shapiro.
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, by
Yunus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles.
Physics for Scientists & Engineers, 8th Ed., by
Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Junior
BrooksCole Cengage Learning, 2010.
University Physics, 13th Ed., by
H.D. Young & R.A. Freedman, Addison Wesley,
2012.
Lecture 3
Lecture 4
Work in Thermodynamic
Processes
The First Law of
Thermodynamics
Lecture 3
Objectives
Understand the association and
interconnection between work and heat as
energy transfer mechanisms in
thermodynamic processes.
Understand the mechanical nature of heat by
acknowledging the heat-work-equivalent.
Understand the first law of thermodynamics
as a specific version of the energy
conservation.
Being able to apply the first law of
thermodynamics on different thermodynamic
processes and cycle, deriving different
relationship of various thermodynamic
properties of matter.
Dr.N.T.Introduce
Hien VNU - UET
Lecture 3 4
an intuitive
systematic
problemGeneral Physics Thermodynamics
I
Introduction
A steam locomotive is driven by a steam engine.

The hotter the flame, the more energy may be
withdrawn to turn the wheels. Applying the same
principles, air conditioners and heat pumps
provide examples to those among us who are too
young to have ever traveled on a train like the
one in the picture above.
Introduction
(a) A rocket engine
uses the heat of
combustion of its
fuel to do work
propelling the launch
vehicle.
(b) Humans and other
biological organisms
are more
complicated
systems than we can
analyze fully in this
course, but the same
basic principles of
thermodynamics
apply to them.
Processes for
Transferring Energy
By doing work
Requires a macroscopic displacement of the
point of application of a force.
By heat
Occurs by random molecular collisions.
Results of both
Change in internal energy of the system
Generally accompanied by measurable
macroscopic variables
Pressure
Temperature
Volume
Lecture 3
Work in Thermodynamic
Processes State Variables
State of a system
Description of the system in terms of state
variables
Pressure
Volume
Temperature
Internal Energy
A macroscopic state of an isolated system

can be specified only if the system is in
internal thermal equilibrium.
Lecture 3
Mechanical Energy - Work

Mechanical work done by a constant force acting
on a path length:
xf
W F dx F ( xf xi ) F x
xi
Work is related to displacement causing the

change in potential energy of an object:
z2
z2
z1
z1
W F dx m g dx m g z2 m g z1 m g (z ) EP
Lecture 4
Mechanical Energy - Work

Work done causes a change in speed of motion or
a change in kinetic energy of an object
(Work Kinetic Energy Theorem)!
2
dv
W F dx m a dx m dx
dt
1
1
1
2
v22 v12
v 2
m v dv m
m
Ek
2
2
1
Lecture 4
10
Internal Energy (U or E)
We consider as internal energy U of any system
(the amount of substance, materials) the total sum
of translational, rotational, andvibrational kinetic
energies due to the random motion, the potential
energy associated with the binding, elastic and
electric energy of atoms within the molecules or
the crystals making up the system.
U : change in U; U > 0 is a gain and
U < 0 is a loss of internalenergy, respectively.
Thermal
Energyis the same as internal energy.
Vibrational
kinetic energy
Motions
in solids. The
of a
hotter the
diatomic
object, the
molecule
larger the
in a fluid
Lecture 4 11
vibrational
Heat Thermal Energy

Internal Energy
Heat or thermal energy is related to the

permanent random motion of microscopic
particles inside the matter represented by its
temperature. Together with all potential energies
due to interactions between these particles it
makes up the internal energy of the
thermodynamic system. So internal energy is the
total energy stored in the system.
Thermal energy is the amount of
heat related to the change in
temperature or to the change of
phase of any substance or materials.
Lecture 4
12
What is Thermal Energy?

How does Atomic Force
Microscopy (AFM) work?
Atoms in the crystal lattice
are dragged by the probe
tip.
The lattice begin to vibrate
randomly.
Work done by external
force is transformed into
this random vibration.
So: Heat is related to

irregular motion at
molecular
scale.
Lecture 4 13
General Physics Thermodynamics
I
Energy Conversion
Cooking by potential energy: Cooking a turkey by

potential energy. The turkey is brought to the top of a
100 m building (about 30 stories) and then dropped
from the ledge.
by R.C.Gimmi and
Gloria J. Browne in
Journal of Irreproducible
Results (Vol 33, 1987,
pp 21-22) turkey
cooked in 6hrs.
This is disappointing!
Each time of dropping
from 100 m the
temperature increase
is about 0.33C, so
600 times of dropping
are needed
to reach
Lecture 4 14
Mechanical Origin of Heat

Definition of Heat:
1 calorie (1 cal) is the heat required to increase

the temperature of 1.00 g water from 14.5 oC to
15.5 oC.
1000 cal = 1 kilocalorie = 1 kcal

1 kcal = 1 Calorie (one calorie
nuttrition)
James Scott Joule had

proven the mechanical
origin of heat and
determined the HeatWork Equivalent.
James Joule
1818-1889
SI Unit for work: 1 Nm = 1J

(called: JOULE) - 1 cal = 4.184
J
Lecture 4
15
Joules experiment
Schematic diagram for Joules
experiment:
Insulating walls are necessary
to prevent heat transfer from
the enclosed water to the
surroundings.
As the weights fall at constant
speed, they turn a paddle
wheel, which does work
on water.
If friction in turning mechanism
is negligible, the work done by
the paddle wheel on the water
equals the change of potential energy of the
weights.
Lecture 4 16
This in turn causes the water temperature to
The Heat-Work Equivalence

Joules Experiment
W = Fx
m
H2O
Joules Experiment
had demonstrated
that mechanical
work can heat up
water and he derived
the Heat-Work
Equivalent,
F also called
Mechanical
1 kcal = 4186
Equivalent of
J
Heat.
1
cal
=
4.186
Mechanical Nature of Heat (and
J
Electrical Energy also) quantatively
proofed.
Lecture 4
17
Joules Contributions
Another method of doing
work. Electrical work is
done on the system by
the generator, which is
driven by the falling
weight.
This Experimental
Apparatus
are kept and shown in the
Science Museum of
London General Physics Thermodynamics I
Lecture 4
18
Work on and of a gas

Work is an important energy
transfer mechanism in
thermodynamic systems.
Heat is another energy transfer
mechanism.
Example for considerations:
a cylinder-piston-gas system
The gas is contained in a
cylinder with a moveable piston.
The gas occupies a volume V
and exerts pressure p on the
walls of the cylinder and on the
piston.
Lecture 4
19
Work in a Gas Cylinder

A force is applied to
slowly compress the
gas.
The compression is
slow enough for all the
system to remain
essentially in thermal
equilibrium.
W = - p V
This is the work done
on the gas.
Lecture 4
20
Work as the change

of pressure and volume
Work as a form of
energy transfer and
work is a force
through a distance.
Work on/of a Gas Cylinder

W = - p V
When the gas is compressed
V is negative
The work done on the gas is positive
When the gas is allowed to expand
V is positive.
The work done on the gas is negative, i.e.
the work in expansion is done by the gas.
Considering the gas as a thermodynamic

system, we define:
The work done by the system (the gas) is

positive and the work done on the system
should be negative.
Heat supplied to the system is positive
and that released from the system should
be negative.
Lecture 4 23
Thermodynamic Processes
on Ideal Gases
Isobaric
Pressure stays constant
Horizontal line on the pV - diagram
Isochoric (Isovolumetric)
Volume stays constant
Vertical line on the pV - diagram
Isothermal
Temperature stays the same
Adiabatic
No heat is exchanged with the
surroundings
Lecture 4
24
Definitions of
Thermodynamic
Processes
Adiabatic
Isochoric
Isobaric
Isothermal
Lecture 4
25
Symbols, signs, and definitions

for heat and work
Hot coffee is poured into
a room-temperature cup
and over time, they reach
thermal equilibrium.
What is the sign of Q for
the coffee?
What sign of Q for cup?
What is the sign of work
for the coffee cup, if it
slides along a table with
friction?
Lecture 4
26
Signs of heat and work on a system

Is the work W, the heat Q, and the change in
internal energy U, positive (+), negative (-) or
zero (0) for the following situations?
Does the temperature increase (+), decrease (-), or
stay the same (0)?
W
Q
U
T
1. You hit a nail with a hammer.
2. You hold a nail over a Bunsen burner.
3. You compress the air in a bicycle pump by
pushing down on the handle very rapidly.
4. You turn on a flame under a cylinder of gas, and
the gas undergoes an isothermal expansion.
5. A flame turns liquid water into steam.
6. High pressure steam spins a turbine.
7. Steam contacts a cold surface and condenses.
Lecture 4
27
Work and Heat in

We consider a system consisting of an
insulated cylinder, a piston and an
ideal gas, a thermal reservoir, some
lead shots and a control knob as
shown in figure.
The thermodynamic system (the ideal
gas) is brought from an initial state (i)
to a final state (f) by a qui-equilirium
thermodynamic process.
We consider the work performed
by/on the gas during a certain process
We also consider the relationship between the
work and heat involved in each of the
processes.
Lecture 4
28
pV - Diagrams
Used to illustrate a given p
thermodynamic process
when the pressure and
pf
the volume are known at
each step of the process.
The work done on a gas
to take it from some
initial (i) state to some
pi
final state (f) is the
negative of the area
under the curve on the
pV-diagram.
This is true whether or
not the pressure stays
constant.
Dr. N.T. Hien
VNU - UET
Insulation
Lecture 4
29
Thermal processes on pV diagram
Differences
for each
curve are
just subtle.
Lecture 4
30
Notes about the Work Equation

W = - pV
If the pressure remains
constant during the
expansion or compression,
the process is called an
isobaric process.
If the pressure changes,
the average pressure may
be used to estimate the
work done. W = - pV
Work done on the gas
Insulation
V
Work = Area
under the
curve
Lecture 4
31
Work is determined
by integration
Work in a PV change is determined by integrating
the area under the curve describing the change.
Lecture 4
32
Does the path of the pV

change matter?
The start, the finish, and the shape of the curve

are
all significant.
Lecture 4
33
Work and Heat in

Lets watch the movie and The pV
Diagram !
Lecture 4
34
Work and Heat in

Insulation
The gas expands
The system
from initial state i
goes from i to f,
to intermediate state
does large
a in an isobaric
work
process, where the
pressure remains
constant. It then
goes further in an
isochore (isometric)
process from a to T
the final state f.
The total work done is: W = piV (the orange-colored
area). Heat amounts Qia and Qaf must be added and
extract, respectively, via the control knob.
Lecture 4
35
Work and Heat in

Insulation
The gas expands
The system
goes from i to f,
first in an isochore
but does less
(isometric) process
work
via an intermediate
state a and then in
an isobaric process
to the final state f.
a
The less total work
done is: W = pf V T
(the orange-colored area). Heat amounts Qia and Qaf
must be extract and added, respectively, via the
control knob.
If the pressure changes, the average pressure may be
used to estimate the work done.
Lecture 4
36
Work and Heat in

Insulation
The system (gas)

The gas expands
goes from i to f,
does positive work
in an isothermal
process to the final
state f, where the
temperature is
kept constant.
The pressure and
volume of the gas
are controlled by T
changing the weights of the lead shot, whereas the
supply of the heat amounts Qif is controlled by the
Vf
Vf
knob.
pi Vi ln
W n R T ln
The work done is:
Vi
Vi
Lecture 4 37
Physics p
Thermodynamics
I
depending
on whatGeneral
from
i, Vi and pf, Vf are known.
Work and Heat in

Insulation
The gas expands
The system (gas)
from the final state
goes from f to i,
does negative
f in an isothermal
work
process to the initial
state i, where the
temperature is
kept constant.
The pressure and
volume of the gas
are controlled by T
changing the weights of the lead shot, whereas the
supply of the heat amounts Qif is controlled by the
Vi
Vi
knob.
W n R T ln
pf Vf ln
The work done is:

Vf
Vf
Lecture 4 38
Physics p
Thermodynamics
I
depending
on whatGeneral
from
i, Vi and pf, Vf are known.
Work and Heat in

The gas expands from
the initial state i to the
final one f, while being
fully isolated so that
no heat is exchanged
between the gas and
the surrounding. This
process is called an
T
adiabatic process.
The pressure and volume of the gas are just
controlled by
changing the weights of the lead shot.
Lecture 4
Insulation
39
The volume work done in an adiabatic

process is:
; ;
;
Lecture 4
40
Work and Heat in

Insulation
We can control
In this case we can
how much work it
apply different paths
does
with various processes
to bring the system
(the gas) from the
initial state i either via
the green path ighf or
via the purple one icdf
to the final state f.
The total work done T
W = pV
and the added or extracted heat amounts Qia and Qaf,
all can be accordingly controlled.
If the pressure changes, the average pressure may be
used to estimate the work done.
Lecture 4
41
Work and Heat in

2a
2b
2c
W12a0
2e
2f
T1 =T1 + 1K=
const
Th tch ring T1 = const
W12c<0
V1= V2 V2e
The change of states in a gas from

initial state 1 to final states 2(a,b,c,e,f)
when heated up to increase its
temperature by 1K in under different
conditions.
The work on/of the ideal

gas in isothermal and
adiabatic processes. The
ratio between the work in
the isothermal
compression Wis and that
in the adiabatic
compression Wad of air for
pressures from the
atmospheric pressure
p
p21[kPa]
= 101200
kPa to500
the 1000
Wis
respective
pressures p2.
0.896 0.786 0.704
Wad
Lecture 4
42
Work and Heat in

The gas undergoes
a cycle in clockwise
direction yielding a
positive net work
Insulation
The gas goes through a cycle.

A positive net work is yielded.
The net work is equal to the total heat amount
absorbed by the gas.
Lecture 4
43
pV - Diagrams
Find work done by the gas in this cycle.
p
Note: work is equal
to the area
W p2 p1 V2 V1
p2
p1
V1
V1
V2
Lecture 4
44
Example:
Calculate work done by expanding of 1

mole gas if initial pressure is 4000 Pa,
initial volume is 0.2 m3, and initial
temperature is 96.2 K. Assume a two
Given:
processes:
n = 1 mole
(1) isobaric expansion to 0.3 m3,
Ti = 96.2 K
Tf=144.3 K (2) isothermal expansion
to
p
3
Tf = 144.3 K
0.3
m
. expansion:
1.
Isobaric
p
Vi = 0.2 m3
Vf = 0.3 m3
p = const
Find:
W =?
pf Vf
Tf Also: nR Vf 0.3m 3
1.5
3
p
V
Ti
Vi 0.2m
i
i
nR
A 50% increase in temperature!

Lecture 4
45
Calculate work done by expanding gas

Example: of 1 mole if initial pressure is 4000 Pa,
initial volume is 0.2 m3, and initial
temperature is 96.2 K. Assume a two
Given:
processes:
I = 1 mole
(1) isobaric expansion to 0.3 m3,
Ti = 96.2 K
Tf=144.3
K; (2)
isothermal expansion
to
p
2.
Isothermal
expansion:
p
Vi = 0.2 m3
0.3 m3.
Vf
Vf
3
ln
ln
i
i
Vf = 0.3 m
V
i
Vi
p
3
T = const
0
.
3
m
4000 Pa 0.2m 3 ln
324 J
3
f
Find:
W=?
0.2m
Also:
Vi
0.2m 3
pf pi
4000 Pa
2667 Pa
3
Vf
0.3m
A ~67% decrease in pressure!

Lecture 4
46
Condensing steam
1671 cm3 of steam condenses to form 1
gram of water (1 cm3) when held at a
constant pressure of 1 atm (1.013 x 10 5 Pa).
The heat of vaporization at this pressure is
Lv = 2.256 x 106 J/kg.
1. Draw the pV diagram for this process
2. What is the work done by the water when it
condenses?
3. What is its increase in internal energy?
Lecture 4
47
Thermodynamic
Cyclic Processes
The cyclic process shown
proceeds counterclockwise
from a in the pV - diagram
to b and back and the total
work is
W = -500J.
Why is the work negative?
Find the change in internal
energy and the heat added
during this process.
Lecture 4
48
Cyclic Processes
and isolated systems
Lecture 4
49
Changes in a
systems
internal energy
The First Law of
Thermodynamics is formally
stated as the change in
internal energy equal to heat
transferred and work done.
Lecture 4
50
pV - Diagrams
Each point on the pV diagram represents a state of the
gas. When the gas moves from the initial to the final
states its undergoes a thermodynamic process. The
curve connecting these states is called the path of the
process.
When the gas takes the process in the clockwise
direction, the work done is defined positive. Indeed this
work is done by the gas. When the process proceeds in
the opposite direction, the work done is negative
meaning that it is done on the gas by an external agent.
The heat fed to (gained by) the gas is positive and
The gas still goes
The system goes
released
The(lost)
gas goesfrom
from i it is negative.
T
from i to f on
another path and
doing less work
from i to f taking a
different path doing
larger work
to f doing positive
work
T
T
Lecture 4
51
pV - Diagrams
From both diagrams (the previous and this slide), we have
learned, that:
The work done depends on the particular path.
The heat exchanged also depends on the particular
path
Same initial and final states, but different amounts
of work are done and different amounts of heat are
exchanged.
Amounts of work and heat always correlate to each
other on each path of process, the algebraic sum of
them for certain initial and final states is constant and
p
p Insulation
does not
depend on the
particular pathp of the
p
processes.
p
p
f
pi
pi
pi
Lecture 4
52
Energy Billance in
A gas confined in a cylinder with a
movable piston
The gas undergoes Quasi-static processes: (this is
a type of process where the gas moves through a
series of equilibrium states). Then, we can apply the
Ideal Gas Law. In practice, if we move the piston
slowly, it will be possible to approximate quasi-static
processes fairly well.
F=
The state of the gas is
pA
described by the Ideal Gas
Law.
p V n R T
Lecture 4
53
Energy Billance in
How does the confined gas exchange energy (heat

and work) with the surroundings? How can we
calculate the energy heat and/or work
transferred, added or subtracted, to the system?
What is the value of the internal energy for the
gas in the cylinder?
Considering all processes described above, we

see that value of the internal energy for the gas
in the cylinder is always equal to the algebraic
sum of work done and heat exchanged
independent on the path the gas had taken to
change from initial to final state.
First
Law
Qin U int Wout
Qin dU int Wout
Lecture 4
54
The First Law of

Thermodynamics
Principle of Energy Conservation:
Conservation of Mechanical Energy: Under
conservative forces, the mechanical energy, i.e.
the sum of kinetic and potential energy, of any
system is conserved.
Generalisation: The total amount of energy
and matter in the Universe remains constant,
merely changing from one form to another.
Energy can be changed from one form to
another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
The First Law of Thermodynamics is a
specialised version of the Principle of Energy
Conservation.
Lecture 4
55
The First Law of Thermodynamics

The Perpetuum Motion Machine of FirstType
is a hypothetical machine that can do work
indefinitely without an energy source.
The First Law of Thermodynamics states

that:
A perpetuum motion machine of first type is
impossible.
Heat added to a system enables it to perfom
work (W) and causes a change in its internal
energy from an initial value Ui to a final value Uf:
U = Uf Ui.
The heat amount added to a system is the sum
of amount of work done and the total change in
its internal energy.
The mathematical expression for the First Law of
given
by:
Dr. N.T.Thermodynamics
Hien VNU - UET
Lecture 4 56
General is
Physics
Thermodynamics
I

For all thermodynamic processes:
Q = W + U.
Heat is a form of energy and heat can

be used to perform work
e.g. in heat engines.
Only energy-conserving processes may
occur.
Internal energy is a state variable of a system.
The change in internal energy is equal to the
difference between the heat exchanged and the
work done. It does not depend on the path the
thermodynamic process has taken, but only
depends on the actual initial and final states of
the process. General Physics Thermodynamics I
Lecture 4 57

The First Law of Thermodynamics and Its
Application to the Thermodynamic Processes
Isochoric or Isometric Process

Constant Volume (V =
const):
V = constant, so dV = 0
and
dW = pdV = 0.
Therefore: dQ = dU,
but dQV = mcVdT.
So: dU = mcVdT ;
Finally: U = f(T).
Internal Energy depends
only on the temperature T,
The internal energy is a
function of temperature:
dU = mcVdT. General Physics Thermodynamics I
Ein2-Ein1
Lecture 4
58

Isobaric Process Constant Pressure (p = const):
p = const, so dp = 0;
dQ = dU + dW, with
dQp = mcp dT; dU = mcvdT; dW = pdV =
nRdT;
Therefore: mcp dT = mcvdT + nRdT.
Finally: m(cp cv) = nR
c p c v = RS ,
or: Cp Cv = R (molar heat capacity).
A new quantity introduced: Enthalpy H
dQ = dU + dW = dU + pdV + Vdp
the
VdpInternal
Like
H = U
= dQ + VdpEnergy U, the
H+
pV ;HdH
cV
cP
Enthalpy H is also a
state variable and a
function of T.
dQp cp m dT ; m cp cV n R CP CV R
Lecture 4
59

The isothermal process Constant Temperature (T
= const.) p V p V const
1
dU m cV dT 0
T = const.
dT 0
Because: dU 0
dQ dU dW dW p dV
And from:
n R T
p
p V n R T
V
Therefore,
n R T dV
dQ dW p dV
Vf
n R T
Vf
pi
Q W
dV n R T ln n R T ln
V
Vi
pf
Vi
In isothermal processes, during the expansion the

gas absorbes a heat amount from the thermal
reservoir to perform mechanical work and during
the compression the work done on the gas is
released to theGeneral
thermal
reservoir in form
of heat.
Lecture 4 60
Physics Thermodynamics I

Adiabatic process: isolated system, no heat
dQ dU dW 0 p V const
dQexchanged
0
n R T
dU dW p dV vi: p
V
m cV dT n R T
cV ln
dT
dV
cV
c p cV
T
V
dV
V
T1
V
cp cV ln 2
T2
V1
p1 V2

p2 V1
T1 p1

T2 p2
T1
T2
cV
V2

V1
T1 V2
T2 V1
c p cV
cp cV
cV
V2
V1
Cp
1
CV
cP

cV
Lecture 4
61
V2
V1

dU dW p dV
dQ dU dW 0
dexchanged
Q0
n CV dT p dV
With: dU n CV dT
From:
p V n R T
p
n dT
CV
dV (1)
p dV V dp n R dT n (Cp CV ) dT
Combining (1) and (2):

dp Cp dV

0
p CV V
ln p
Cp
CV
p dV V dp
(2)
n dT
Cp CV
ln V const
Cp
p V CV p V const
Cp

CV
Lecture 4
62

exchanged
What are adiabatic processes fast processes,
such as:
- Sound waves propagate throug the air.

- The expansion in water or gas turbines.
When the cork is popped on a bottle
of champagne, the pressurized gases
inside the bottle expand rapidly and
do work on the outside air W = 0.
There is no time for the gases to
exchange heat with their surroundings,
so the expansion is adiabatic Q = 0 . Hence the
internal energy of the expanding gases
decreases (U - W = 0) and their temperature
drops. This makes water vapor condense and
form a miniature
cloud.
Lecture 4 63

exchanged
Lecture 4
64
Exercise (5 min.)
Calculate the change in enthalpy for a mass unit in
lbm of the Nitrogen gas for a temperature drop from
1000 oR to 700 oR.
Two (02) kg water (cv= 4.2 kJ/kgK) are heated with
an amount of 200 BTU. How much is the
temperature change in K? and how much in oF?
p n:
Given for N2 is Cp = 0.249 BTU/lbmoloF. Because

o
R = oF + 459.67, we have: T oR = T oF.
Therefore: H cp T 0,249 BTU (300o F) -74,49 BTU .
lb m o F
and:
T
m cV
lb m
kJ
)
o
BTU 25,1K (25,1K) 1,8 F 45,2o F
kJ
1K
2kg (4,2
)
kg K
200BTU (1,055
We only consider the change in

.Dr.Note:
N.T. Hien VNU - UET
Lecture 4
temperature. General Physics Thermodynamics I
65
Exercise
(try to develop yourself a steam engine)

Steam issuing from the kettle makes the
pinwheel turn in this simple steam turbine. Work
could be done to lift a small weight with such an
engine.
Lecture 4
66
Example:
Isobaric Expansion of Water
One gram of water is placed in a cylinder in which
the pressure is maintained at 2.0 105 Pa. The
temperature of the water is raised by 31 C. In one
case, the water is in the liquid phase and expands
by the small amount of 1.0 108 m3. In another
case, the water is in the gas phase and expands by
the much greater amount of 7.1 105 m3. For
water in each case, find (a) the work done and (b)
the change in
internal
energy. Given are:
c the
= 4186
J/(kgK)
cp = 2020 J/(kgK)
67Lecture 4
67
Solution:
Isobaric Expansion of Water
(a)
.
.
(b)
.
.
68Lecture 4
68
Specific Cases of
First Law of Thermodynamics
Lecture 4
69
Example:
Work and the Area

under a PressureVolume Graph
The area under a
pressure-volume graph is
the work for any kind of
process.
The colored area gives
the work done by the gas
for the process from X to
Y.
70Lecture 4
70
Check Your Understanding

The drawing shows a
pressure-versus-volume
plot for a three-step
process: A to B, B to C,
and C to A. For each
step, the work can be
positive, negative, or
zero. Which answer
below correctly describes
the work for the three
steps?
71Lecture 4
71
a.
Positive
Negative
Negative
b.
Positive
Positive
Negative
c.
Negative
Negative
Positive
d.
Positive
Negative
Zero
e.
Negative
Positive
Zero
(b)
72Lecture 4
72
Thermal Processes on Ideal Gas
Lecture 4
73
Example: Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal

Gas
Two moles of the monatomic gas argon expand

isothermally at 298 K, from an initial volume of
Vi = 0.025 m3 to a final volume of Vf = 0.050
m3. Assuming that argon is an ideal gas, find:
(a) the work done by the gas,
(b) the change in the internal energy of the
gas, and
Solution
(c)
: the heat supplied to the gas.
(a)
(b) U = 0J.
(c) Q = U + W = 0J + 3400J = +
3400J.
Dr. N.T. Hien
VNU - UET
74Lecture 4
74
Adiabatic Expansion or Compression

Q = U + W =
0.
W = - U = - nCV T .
For a mono-atomic ideal
gas:
pi
pf
75Lecture 4
75
Type of Thermal
Process
Work Done
Isobaric (constant
pressure)
W = P(Vf Vi)
Isochoric (constant
volume)
W = 0 J
Isothermal
(constant
temperature)
Adiabatic (no heat
flow)
First Law of
Thermodynamics
(U = Q W)
(for an ideal gas)
(for a monatomic ideal gas)

76Lecture 4
76
Example, First Law of Thermodynamics:
Lecture 4
77
Example,
First Law of Thermodynamics,
cont.:
Lecture 4
78
Example: 1000 J of thermal energy

flows into a system (Q = 1000 J). At
the same time, 400 J of work is done by
the system (W = 400 J).
What is the change in the system's
internal energy U?
----------------------------------------------------------
Solution:
U = Q - W
= 1000 J - 400 J
= 600 J
Lecture 4
79
Example: 800 J of work is done on a

system (W = -800 J) as 500 J of thermal
energy is removed from the system (Q =
-500 J).
What is the change in the system's internal
energy U?
----------------------------------------------------Solution:
U = Q - W
= -500 J - (-800 J)
= -500 J + 800 J
= 300 J
Lecture 4
80
Work and the Pressure-Volume Curve

Work Done = Area Under pV
curve
------------------------------------How much work is done by the

system when the system is taken
from:
(a) A to B (900 J)
(b) B to C (0 J)
(c) C to A (-1500 J)
------------------------------------Each "rectangle" has an area of

100 Pa-m3 = 100 (N/m2)-m3
= 100 N-m
= 100 Joules
Lecture 4
81
Expanding Gas
10 grams of steam at 100oC at

constant pressure rises to 110oC:
p = 4 x 105 Pa ; T = 10oC
V = 30.0 x 10-6 m3
c = 2.01 J/g oC
What is the change in internal

energy?
U = Q - W
Example: If a gas W = (4 x 105)(30.0 x 10-6) = 12 J
expands at a
Q = mcT = (10)(2.01)(10) = 201 J
constant pressure, U = Q - W = 201 J - 12 J = 189 J
the work done by
the gas is:
N.T. Hien VNU - UET

Lecture 4 82
W =Dr.pV
Work, Rubber Bands, and Internal Energy

U = Q - W
Expand rubber band:
W < 0, Q = 0 U >0
Temperature increases
-----------------------------------Press thick rubber band to
forehead and expand it rapidly.
The warming should be
obvious.
Now allow the band to contract
quickly; cooling will also be
evident.
Lecture 4
83
ISOTHERMAL-Temperature remains constant
Lecture 4
84
Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas

No heat transfer therefore no temperature change
(Q=0).
Generally obtained by surrounding the entire
system with a strongly insulating material or by
carrying out the process so quickly that there is no
time for a significant heat
take
If Q transfer
= 0 thentoU
= -place.
W
A system that expands under

adiabatic conditions does
positive work, so the internal
energy decreases.
A system that contracts under
adiabatic conditions does
negative work, so the internal
energy increases.
Lecture 4
85
PROCESS DIAGRAMS: visualize

processes using properties (T, P, V,
etc.)
Area underneath
the slope
represents the
amount of work
done (p V ).
Lecture 4
86
CYCLE: a system undergoes

processes - returning to its initial state
Area
underneath
the slope
represents
the amount
of work
done (P x
V).
Lecture 4
87
Effusion
gas
vacuum
Lecture 4
88
Effusion
Process where molecules of a gas confined
in a container randomly pass through a tiny
opening in the container.
Rates of effusion can be used to determine
the molar mass of a gas.
Kinetic energy of molecules in a gas
depends only on temperature and equals
mv2.
Lecture 4
89
Effusion
Two gases at the same T have the same
average EK:
m1v
v212 = m
m2v22
1
2
=
2
v2
m1
Note: This v is the velocity of the molecules,

NOT the volume of the container.
Lecture 4
90
Diffusion
Gradual mixing of two or more molecules due
to their spontaneous, random motion.
Gases are in constant,

random motion and
tend to move from
regions of higher
concentration to
regions of lower
concentration.
Lecture 4
91
Diffusion
Lecture 4
92
Newcomen Engine
(First real steam engine)
e=0.005

Thermodynamics I Lecture 4

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General Physics

PGS TS Nguyn Th Hin

Room 204, E-4,

D. Halliday,R. Resnick, J. Walker, 9th Ed.,

General Physics Thermodynamics I

Fundamentals of Physics, by Halliday & Resnick,

Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, by

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