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COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL

What is CNC ?

INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES


ADVANTAGES CNC MACHINE

The foremost advantage of CNC machine would be the HIGH PRODUCTIVITY


achieved by reducing the cycle time.

INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES


Achievement of high productivity
HIGH PRODUCTIVITY is achieved through
Automatic and rapid positioning of slides.

Increased material removal rates by employing increased spindle speed

and feed rates (which is enabled by the built-in power and rigidity of the
CNC machine structure.

Reducing the tool change time by using ATC and reducing job setting

time
by using APC.

INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES


ADVANTAGES OF CNC MACHINE
Higher positional accuracy and repeatability of machine part because

of the machine construction and the closed loop control system.


Higher flexibility for meeting frequent design changes with lesser cost.
Reduced inspection requirements and reduced scrap there by reducing

inspection and material cost.


Reduced labor cost (machine does not require Highly skilled labor)
Reduced inventory cost, (reduces the lead time of production).
Reduce the tooling cost. (do not require jigs, fixtures or templates)

INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES


DISADVANTAGES OF CNC MACHINE
Higher Investment cost (CNC machine is more

sophisticated and complex technology).


Higher Maintenance cost (CNC is more complex and

more accurate).
Need of trained personnel (Certain aspects of these

machine operations require higher-level skill than a


conventional machine).

INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES


APPLICATION OF CNC MACHINES
1. METAL CUTTING MACHINES
CNC Milling
CNC Turning
CNC Drilling / Boring
CNC Gear Cutting
CNC Grinding

INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES


APPLICATION OF CNC MACHINES
2. METAL FORMING MACHINE
Press Tools
Injection / Blow Moulding Machines
Die Casting Machines
Tube Bending

INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES


APPLICATION OF CNC MACHINES
3. NON CONVENTIONAL MACHINING PROCESS
EDM Sinking and EDM Wire-cut machines.
Plasma Arc cutting machines.
Electron Beam machining.
Laser Beam machining.
Ion Beam machining.
Ultrasonic machining etc.

INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES


APPLICATION OF CNC MACHINES
4. Welding machines (TIG, MIG, Submerged Arc welding etc.)

5. Inspection and Quality Control systems (CMM,LMM).

6. Assembly, Testing and Despatch equipments.

7. Tool and work handling systems

PART PROGRAMMING

MILLING

Program
Set of instructions which instructs the
machine tool about the processing steps to
be performed for the manufacture of a
component

Skills of a CNC Programmer


1. Programming Language
2. Blue Print Reading
3. Cutting Tool Parameters

INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING


MILLING MACHINE
Nomenclature of the CNC machine axis
The axes of CNC Machines can be identified using the Right hand thumb rule.

Designating the Linear motions


First of all, Z motion shall be designated. This shall be followed by X and Y motions
respectively. Z motions either along the spindle or parallel to the spindle axis.

Designating the Rotary motions


A, B and C are the primary rotary motions. These motions are located about the
axis parallel to X,Y, and Z respectively

INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING


MILLING MACHINE
Nomenclature of the CNC machine axis

INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING


MILLING MACHINE
Nomenclature of the CNC machine axis

INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING


MILLING MACHINE
Co-ordinate system
The graphical representation of a point on a two dimensional plane is known
as co-ordinate system

World co-ordinate system

Y+
(+ , +)

(- , +)
X-

X+
(+ , -)

(-,-)

Y-

INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING


MILLING MACHINE
Co-ordinate system
Absolute Co-ordinate system

In this system, the location of a point is specified by X, Y co-ordinate values


from a common reference point.

INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING


MILLING MACHINE
Co-ordinate system
Absolute Co-ordinate system
Points

P1

P2

50

P3

50

50

P4

50

50
P3

50

P4

P1

P2

INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING


MILLING MACHINE
Co-ordinate system
Incremental Co-ordinate system

In this system, the location of a point is specified by X, Y co-ordinate values


with respect to the last point (previous point).

INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING


MILLING MACHINE
Co-ordinate system
Incremental Co-ordinate system
Points

P1

P2

50

P3

50

P4

- 50

50
P3

50

P4

P1

P2

PROGRAM NUMBER

BLOCKS

WORDS

G, M, S, F, T, X, Y, Z, with numeral

PROGRAM STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE:
O2456;
N10 G17 G21 G40 G90 ;
N20 M06 T01;
N30 M03 S2000;
..
..
..
N10

PROGRAM NUMBER

BLOCK

WORD

SEQUENCE NUMBER OR
BLOCK IDENTIFICATION NUMBER

INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING


PART PROGRAMMING
TERMS IN PROGRAMMING
PROGRAM NUMBER
The program number functions as an addressing symbol for accessing

the program.
The program number is expressed by 4 digit numerals prefixed by the

letter O.
Numerals from 0001 to 9999 can be used.
Example: O1234

INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING


PART PROGRAMMING
TERMS IN PROGRAMMING
SEQUENCE NUMBER

The sequence number is used search or call out the position being

executed.
Sequence number starts with the letter N followed by numerals up

to 5 digits.
N10

G00

X100

Y100

INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING


PART PROGRAMMING
TERMS IN PROGRAMMING
ADDRESS

Address is expressed in alphabets.


N10

G00

X100

Y100

INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING


PART PROGRAMMING
TERMS IN PROGRAMMING
DATA

Numerals succeeding the alphabets are called data.


N10

G00

X100

Y100

INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING


PART PROGRAMMING
TERMS IN PROGRAMMING
WORD

Word is the minimum unit for specifying the functions.


Word consists of ADDRESS and DATA
N10

G00

X100

Y100

INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING


PART PROGRAMMING
TERMS IN PROGRAMMING
BLOCK

Block is the minimum command unit required to perform a process.


Block consists of WORD and DATA.
N10

G00

X100

Y100

BLOCK

G CODES AND M CODES

MILLING

G CODES

The address G identifies a preparatory command, often called as G code.


The objective of G code is to preset or to prepare the control system to a
certain desired condition, or to a certain mode or a state of operation.
For example, the address G00 presets a rapid motion mode for the machine tool,
the address G81 presets the drilling cycle, etc.
The term preparatory command indicates its meaning a G code will prepare the
control to accept the programming instructions following the G code in a specific
way.

MILLING
ISO G CODES
G CODES

Function

G00

Rapid positioning

G01

Linear interpolation

G02

Circular interpolation/clockwise

G03

Circular Interpolation / Counter clockwise

G04

Dwell

G37

Sub routine call

MILLING
ISO G CODES
G CODES

Function

G20

Input in Inch

G21

Input in mm

G28

Return to Reference Position

G40

Cutter Radius compensation cancel

G41

Cutter Radius compensation left

G42

Cutter Radius compensation right

MILLING

ISO G CODES

G CODES

Function

G43

Tool Length compensation + ve direction

G44

Tool Length compensation - ve direction

G49

Tool Length compensation cancel

G54

Workpiece co-ordination system 1 selection

G55

Workpiece co-ordination system 2 selection

G56

Workpiece co-ordination system 3 selection

G57

Workpiece co-ordination system 4 selection

G58

Workpiece co-ordination system 5 selection

G59

Workpiece co-ordination system 6 selection

MILLING
ISO G CODES
G CODES

Function

G90

Absolute command

G91

Incremental command

G98

Return to Initial point in canned cycle

G99

Return to R point in canned cycle

MILLING
ISO M CODES
M CODES

Function

M00

Program stop

M01

Optional stop

M02

Program end

M03

Spindle rotation clockwise

M04

Spindle rotation counter clockwise

M05

Spindle stop

MILLING
ISO M CODES
M CODES

Function

M06

Tool change

M08

Coolant ON

M09

Coolant OFF

M30

Program end and rewind

M98

Sub program call

M99

Sub program end

G00 Rapid traverse


When the tool being positioned at a point
preparatory to a cutting motion, to save time it is moved
along a straight line at Rapid traverse, at a fixed traverse
rate which is pre-programmed into the machine's control
system.
Typical rapid traverse rates
are 10 to 25m/min., but
can be as high as 80
m/min.

G01 Linear interpolation (feed traverse)


The tool moves along a straight line in one or two
axis simultaneously at a programmed linear speed, the
feed rate.

Tool length compensation (G43)


Different tools of different lengths are used in
machining any part. The lengths of the tools are not
considered in the part program. They are entered in the
machines memory, and are considered automatically for
each motion in the program depending on the tool that is
being used. The tool lengths in the Z direction are called
the Tool length offsets.

Tool length compensation (G43)

Setting work co-ordinate system (G54 - G59)

G54 Work co-ordinate system 1 selection


G55 Work co-ordinate system 2 selection
G56 Work co-ordinate system 3 selection
G57 Work co-ordinate system 4 selection
G58 Work co-ordinate system 5 selection
G59 Work co-ordinate system 6 selection

Setting work co-ordinate system (G54 - G59)

Canned cycles :
Canned or fixed cycles are programming aids
that simplify programming. Canned cycles combine
many programming operations and are designed to
shorten the program length, minimize mathematical
calculations, and use minimal tool motions.
Examples : drilling, peck drilling, tapping, boring,
back boring, spot facing.

Canned cycles :
G80 Canned cycle cancel
G81 Drilling cycle
G82 Drilling cycle with dwell (Counter bore
cycle)
G83 Peck drilling cycle / deep drill
G84 Right hand tapping cycle
G85 Boring / Reaming cycle
G86 Boring cycle
G87 Back boring cycle
G74 Left hand tapping cycle
G76 Fine boring cycle

Drilling cycle (G81)

Drilling cycle (G81)

Counter bore cycle (G82)

Counter bore cycle (G82)

Peck drill cycle (G83)

Peck drill cycle (G83)

Tapping cycle (G84)


Right hand tapping

Tapping cycle (G84)

Spindle direction in RH tapping


CW during infeed
CCW during outfeed
Feedrate = Spindle RPM x Pitch

Reaming cycle (G85)

Reaming cycle (G85)

G15 Polar co-ordinate command cancel


G16 Polar co-ordinate command
G16 X . Y .

X Radius of Pitch Circle Diameter

Y Angle of Hole Position

G68 Rotation ON
G69 Rotation OFF
G68 X. Y. R .

R Angle of Rotation

G50.1 Canceling a Programmable


Mirror image
G51.1 Setting a Programmable
Mirror image
G50.1 X. Y.

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