CSCE121 10-Iostreams

CSCE 121:509-512
Introduction to Program Design and

Concepts
Dr. J. Michael Moore
Spring Fall 2016
Set 10: Input/Output Streams
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Based on slides created by
Stroustrup
SetBjarne
10: Input/Output
Streams and Jennifer Welch
Outline
Fundamental I/O concepts
Files
opening and closing
reading and writing streams
I/O errors
Reading a single integer
User-defined I/O
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Input and Output

data source:
input device
device driver
input library
our
ourprogram
program
output library
device driver
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data
destination:
output device
The Stream Model
somewhere
(1,234)
ostream
123
buffer
An ostream
turns values of various types into character
sequences
sends those characters somewhere (console,
file, main memory, another computer)
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The Stream Model
somewhere
(1,234)
123
istream
buffer
An istream
turns character sequences into values of
various types
gets those characters from somewhere
(console, file,CSCE
main
memory, another
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computer,)
The Stream Model

Supports reading and writing
of typed entitites
<< (output) and >> (input) plus other
operations
type-safe
formatted
typically stored as text

but not necessarily, e.g, binary streams
extensible
define your own I/O operations for your own
types
a stream canCSCE
be121:509-512
attached to any I/O or
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storage device
Files
Main memory is transient
when power goes off, contents of main
memory is lost
Use disks, etc. for permanent storage

A file is a sequence of bytes in
permanent storage
a file has a name
the data in a file has a format
We can read and write a file if we

know its name and format
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Files
General model
disk
I/O system
iostreams
Files
(sequences of bytes)
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main memory
Objects
(of various types)
Reading a File
1.
2.
3.
4.
Obtain the files name

Open the file for reading
Read from the file
Close the file
usually done implicitly
. Uses a special kind of istream called

an ifstream
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Writing a File
1. Name the file
2. Open the file for writing
either an existing file or create a new
one
3. Write to the file

4. Close the file
usually done implicitly
. Uses a special kind of ostream called

an ofstream
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Opening a File for Reading

cout<<Enterinputfilename:;
stringiname;
cin>>iname;
ifstreamist{iname};//oriname.c_str()
//istisavariableoftypeifstream;notespecial
//constructorsyntaxwith{and}.
if(!ist)error(Cantopeninputfile,iname);
//ifnoerror,thenvariableistisultimately
//connectedtothefilewhosenameis
//storedinthevariableiname
intx;
ist>>x;//readfromistusing>>(aswithcin)
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Opening a File for Writing

cout<<Enterinpoutfilename:;
stringoname;
cin>>oname;
ofstreamost{oname};//oroname.c_str()
//ostisavariableoftypeofstream;notespecial
//constructorsyntaxwith{and}.
if(!ost)error(Cantopenoutputfile,oname);
//ifnoerror,thenvariableostisultimately
//connectedtothefilewhosenameis
//storedinthevariableoname
intx=67;
ost<<x;//writetoostusing<<(aswithcout)
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Opening and Closing Files

File is automatically opened when
ifstream or ofstream variable is
created
File is automatically closed when
ifstream or ofstream variable goes
out of scope
for example, the function in which the
variable is declared returns
In rare circumstances, you might

need to explicitly open or close a file
at other times
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File I/O Example

Suppose we are given a file
containing temperature data in the
format
060.7
160.6
260.3
where first number per line is hour of

the day (0 through 23) and second
number per line is temperature (in
Fahrenheit).
Task is to reformat the file to be this:
(0,60.7)
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File I/O Example: Design

Use a struct that puts together the
hour number and its matching
temperature:
structReading{
inthour
doubletemperature;
};
Successively obtain readings from

input file and store in a vector of
Readings
Loop through the vector and write
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File I/O Example Details

//assumingpreviouscodeforopeningfilesandReadingstruct
vector<Reading>temps;
inthour;
doubletemperature;
while(ist>>hour>>temperature){
if(hour<0||23<hour)error(houroutofrange);
temps.push_back(Reading{hour,temperature});
}
for(Readingr:temps){
ost<<(<<r.hour<<,<<r.temperature<<)\n;
}
//Seepage354oftextbookforcompletecode
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I/O Error Handling

iostream
reduces all errors to one of four
states:
good()//theoperationsucceeded
eof()//wehittheendoftheinput
fail()//somethingunexpectedhappened
bad()//somethingunexpectedandserioushappened
These 4 are functions that return true under

the stated conditions, otherwise false
Conditions are indicated by certain bits being
set
Clear all the bits and return to the good() state
with the function
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clear()
I/O Error Handling and

Conditions
We have been using these C++

idioms:
while(cin>>var)/*whileloopbody*/
if(!ist)/*reporterror*/
What is going on?

Extraction (>>) and insertion (<<)
operators on streams return references
to the stream
There is an implicit conversion from a
stream object to a boolean (e.g., in the
conditions of while and if statements)
The conversion
yields true if the
stream
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Sample Integer Read

Failures
Ended by terminator character

12345*
state is fail()
Ended by format error

1 2 3 4 5.6
state is fail()
Ended by end of file
123
123
123
state
4 5 (no more data in file)

4 5 Ctrl-Z (Windows)
4 5 Ctrl-D (Unix)
is eof()
Something really bad

disk format error
state is bad()
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I/O Error Handling with Stream

States
voidfill_vector(istream&ist,vector<int>&v,charterminator)
//readintegersfromistintovuntilreachingeof()orterminator
{
inti=0;
while(ist>>i)v.push_back(i);
if(ist.eof())return;//fine:wefoundendoffile
if(ist.bad())error(istisbad);//streamcorrupted,getout
if(ist.fail()){//trytocleanup,maybewefoundterminator
ist.clear();//clearstreamstatesowecanlookforterminator
charc;
ist>>c;//trytoreadachar
if(c!=terminator){//unexpectedchar(notterminator)
ist.unget();//putcharacterbackintostream
ist.clear(ios_base::failbit);//setstatebacktofail()
}
}
}
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Throw an Exception for bad()

Simplify previous logic by not even
worrying about bad() just throw an
exception
After defining ifstreamist, indicate
that you want an exception thrown if
its state ever goes bad():
ist.exceptions(ist.exceptions()|ios_base::badbit);
This will cause an exception of type

ifstream::failureto be thrown, which
you can catch where you like
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Another Example: Reading

an Integer in a Range
Problem statement: Read in an
integer within some range (say, 1 to
10)
Deal with
user enters an integer not in range
user enters something of wrong type
user enters nothing
Need appropriate prompts to the

user
See Section 10.7 of textbook for bad
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Reading an Integer in Range

Key to having a clean solution to the
problem is to break things into logically
separate manageable pieces:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
reading values
prompting user for input
writing error messages
skipping past bad input characters
testing the input against a range
Also aim for generality

. dont hardcode range bounds
. dont hardcode prompts
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Reading an Integer in a
Range
intget_int(intlow,inthigh,
conststring&greeting,
conststring&sorry)
{
cout<<greeting<<between<<low<<and
<<high<<endl;
while(true){
intn=get_int();
if(low<=n&&n<=high)returnn;//success
cout<<sorry<<endl;
}
}
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Reading an Integer
intget_int()
{
intn=0;
while(true){
if(cin>>n)returnn;//success
cout<<Notanumber,tryagain\n;
skip_to_int();
}
}
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Skipping Bad (non-int)

Characters
voidskip_to_int()
//precondition:ciniseitherfail()oreof()
{
if(cin.fail(){//foundsomething,butnotanint
cin.clear();//wewanttolookatthecharacters
//whydoesthisforloopnotneedtoincrement?
for(charch;cin>>ch;){
if(isdigit(ch)||ch==){
cin.unget();//putdigitbacksowecanreadint
return;
//ifnotadigitorthenignoreitandcontinue
}
}
//onlyremainingoptioniseof()
error(noinput);
}
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Reading an Int in Range:

Remaining Issues
Error message in get_int()is not
parameterized
Ideally, utility functions should not
have messages hardcoded into them
In fact, library functions shouldnt
(directly) write to the user at all
instead throw exceptions, which can
contain error messages
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User-Defined Output:
operator<<()
Must return a reference to an
ostream
First parameter must be a reference
to an ostream
Second parameter must be a
reference to an object of your type
ostream&operator<<(ostream&os,constDate&d)
{
returnos<<(<<d.year()<<,<<d.month()
<<,<<d.day()<<);
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}
Calling User-Defined <<

voidprint_out(Dated1,Dated2)
{
cout<<d1;
//meansoperator<<(cout,d1);
cout<<d1<<d2;
//means(cout<<d1)<<d2;
//means(operator<<(cout,d1))<<d2;
//means(operator<<((operator<<(cout,d1)),d2);
}
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User-Defined Input:
operator>>()
Must return a reference to an istream
First parameter must be a reference
to an istream
Second parameter must be a
reference to an object of your type
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operator>>() Example
istream&operator>>(istream&is,Date&dd)
//Assumedateisinformat(year,month,day)
{
inty,d,m;
charch1,ch2,ch3,ch4;
is>>ch1>>y>>ch2>>m>>ch3>>d>>ch4;
if(!is)returnis;//wedidntgetourvalues;leave
if(ch1!=(||ch2!=,||ch3!=,
||ch4!=)){
//oops:formaterror
is.clear(ios_base::failbit);//setstreamstatetofail
returnis;//leave
}
dd=Date(y,Month(m),d);//updateddviacopyassignment
returnis;//leavewithisingoodstate
}
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Calling User-Defined >>

//...
cout<<Enteradateinformat(year,month,date):;
Dated;
cin>>d;
if(cin)//continue...
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Acknowledgments
Slides are based on those for the
textbook:
http://www.stroustrup.com/Programming/10_iostr
eams.ppt
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CSCE 121:509-512

Introduction to Program Design and

Input and Output

The Stream Model

The Stream Model

The Stream Model

typically stored as text

Use disks, etc. for permanent storage

We can read and write a file if we

Obtain the files name

. Uses a special kind of istream called

3. Write to the file

. Uses a special kind of ostream called

Opening a File for Reading

Opening a File for Writing

Opening and Closing Files

In rare circumstances, you might

File I/O Example

where first number per line is hour of

File I/O Example: Design

Successively obtain readings from

File I/O Example Details

I/O Error Handling

reduces all errors to one of four

These 4 are functions that return true under

Set 10: Input/Output Streams

I/O Error Handling and

We have been using these C++

What is going on?

Sample Integer Read

Ended by terminator character

Ended by format error

Ended by end of file

4 5 (no more data in file)

Something really bad

I/O Error Handling with Stream

Throw an Exception for bad()

This will cause an exception of type

Another Example: Reading

Need appropriate prompts to the

Reading an Integer in Range

Also aim for generality

Skipping Bad (non-int)

Reading an Int in Range:

Calling User-Defined <<

Calling User-Defined >>

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