Computer Systems

Programming languages
Coding schemes used to write both systems and
application software

The Evolution of Programming Languages

To build programs, people use languages that are similar
to human language. The results are translated into
machine code, which computers understand.
Programming languages fall into three broad categories:

Machine languages

Assembly languages

Higher-level languages

The Evolution of Programming Languages Machine Languages

Machine languages (first-generation languages) are the
most basic type of computer languages, consisting of
strings of numbers the computer's hardware can use.
Different types of hardware use different machine
code. For example, IBM computers use different
machine language than Apple computers.

The Evolution of Programming Languages Assembly Languages

Assembly languages (second-generation languages)
are only somewhat easier to work with than machine
languages.
To create programs in assembly language, developers
use cryptic English-like phrases to represent strings
of numbers.
The code is then translated into object code, using a
translator called an assembler.

Assembly
code

Assembler
Object code

The Evolution of Programming Languages Higher-Level Languages

Higher-level languages are more powerful than assembly
language and allow the programmer to work in a more
English-like environment.
Higher-level programming languages are divided into
three "generations," each more powerful than the last:

Third-generation languages

Fourth-generation languages

Fifth-generation languages

Higher-Level Languages Third-Generation Languages

Third-generation languages (3GLs) are the first to
use true English-like phrasing, making them easier
to use than previous languages.
3GLs are portable, meaning the object code created
for one type of system can be translated for use on a
different type of system.
The following languages are 3GLs:
FORTRAN
COBOL
BASIC
Pascal

C
C++
Java
ActiveX

Higher-Level Languages Fourth-Generation Languages

Fourth-generation languages (4GLs) are even easier
to use than 3GLs.
4GLs may use a text-based environment (like a 3GL)
or may allow the programmer to work in a visual
environment, using graphical tools.
The following languages are 4GLs:
Visual Basic (VB)
VisualAge
Authoring environments

Higher-Level Languages Fifth-Generation Languages

Fifth-generation languages (5GLs) are an issue of
debate in the programming community some
programmers cannot agree that they even exist.
These high-level languages would use artificial
intelligence to create software, making 5GLs
extremely difficult to develop.
Solve problems using constraints rather than
algorithms, used in Artificial Intelligence
Prolog

Query languages
Used to ask the computer questions in English-like
sentences
Also known as database languages

Structured query language (SQL)

A standardized language often used to perform
database queries and manipulations

Internet Programming
Web

service is a kind of client / server process

Need interaction between client and server
Programming for providing Web service can
also be divided into :

Client-side programming: to define the operation to

be performed on the clients machine
Server-side programming: to define the operation to
be performed on the server

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Internet Programming
Internet
Database

Web Server

Web Client

Server-side Programming

Client-side Programming

Skills that are often required:

CGI
PHP
ASP
Perl
Java Servlet,

Skills that are often required:

XHTML
Javascript
Java
Dreamweaver
Flash
SMIL, XML

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Markup languages:
Hypertext markup language (HTML) sets the
attributes of text and objects within a Web page
Extensible markup language (XML) is used for
sharing data and objects in a Web environment

Scripting languages:
VBScript is used to write short programs (scripts)
that are embedded in Web pages
JavaScript is used to write scripts on Web pages

Visual Studio .NET:

Used for the development of scripts and programs
that are accessible from the Web

Slide 14

2005 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Embedded systems
Real-time responsiveness (e.g., navigation)
Failures of early Ada implementations

Web applications
Responsiveness to users (e.g., Google search)

Corporate database applications

Efficient search and updating

AI applications
Modeling human behaviors

sli
de

Primary function is to apply the power of

the computer to give individuals,
workgroups, and the entire enterprise the
ability to solve problems and perform
specific tasks
Application programs interact with systems
software; systems software then directs
computer hardware to perform the
necessary tasks

16

Proprietary software: one-of-a-kind

program for a specific application, usually
developed and owned by a single
company
Off-the-shelf software: existing
software program that is purchased

17

Customized package
Blend of external and internal software
development
In-house customized
Contract customization

Schematic

Application
software

Proprietary
software

In-house
developed

Off-the-shelf
software

Customized
package

Contract

In-house
customized

Contract
customization

Standard
package

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 Serves

the needs of an individual

user
Includes personal productivity
software
Enables users to improve their
personal effectiveness

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Software suite: collection of single

application programs packaged in a bundle
Microsoft Office: most popular general-purpose
software suite
Other general-purpose software suites: Corels
WordPerfect Office, Lotus SmartSuite, Sun
Microsystemss StarOffice

Integrated application packages: offer a

range of capabilities for less money than
software suites
Example: Microsoft Works
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Workgroup application software:

support teamwork, whether people are in
the same location or dispersed around the
world

Groupware: software that helps groups of

people work together more efficiently and
effectively

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Enterprise application software

Software that benefits the entire organization
Examples
Accounts receivable
Sales ordering
Accounts payable
Order entry
Cash-flow analysis
Check processing
Manufacturing control Receiving
General Ledger
Retail Operations

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Integrated
Supply
Chain
Management
Software

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

A set of integrated programs that manage a
companys vital business operations for an
entire multi-site, global organization
Vendor examples
SAP
Oracle
PeopleSoft
Dun & Bradstreet
JD Edwards

Baan
SSA
Marcam
QAD
Ross Systems

Short for enterprise resource planning, a business

management
system that integrates all facets of the business,
including planning,
manufacturing, sales, and marketing. As the ERP
methodology has
become more popular, software applications have
emerged to help
business managers implement ERP.

OLE = Object Linking and Embedding

A software feature that allows you to copy text
from one document to another or embed
graphics from one program into another
program or document
Server Application
The application that supplies objects you place
into other applications

Client application
The application that accepts objects from other
applications

Copy
Copy data from one application and place it in
another

Link
Changes made to the server object to
automatically appear in all linked client objects

Embed
An object to become part of the client
document
Schematic

Graphics Program
Server Application

Client Application
Word Processing Program

Team photo

Copy

Spreadsheet
Program
Server
Application
Actual
vs. Budget
--------------------------------------

Team photo

Actual vs. budget

Link

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- -- --- - - - --- --- --- --- --- --- --

Project
ProgramManagement
Server Application
Chart

Chart

==== == ==
== == == =
=== == ==
==== ==== =

------------------- --------

Embed

Abbreviation for Object Linking and Embedding, pronounced as

separate letters or as oh-leh. OLE is a compound document
standard developed by Microsoft Corporation. It enables you to
create objects with one application and then link or embed them
in a
second application. Embedded objects retain their original format
and links to the application that created them.
Support for OLE is built into the Windows and Macintosh
operating
systems. A competing compound document standard developed
jointly by IBM, Apple Computer, and other computer firms is
called
OpenDoc.

Webpage Authoring
Database Management
Graphics Software
Simulation Software
Desktop Publishing
Music-Editing Software