E13, E16 and PC

Paper Chromatography
A normal phase chromatography
Stationary Phase: water bound to cellulose structure of the
paper fibers
Mobile Phase: chromatography solvent
Advantages: Simple set-up, easy to do, not time consuming,
cheap
Limitation: can only be applied when the mixture to be
separated contains colored compounds (ex: pigments)

Paper Chromatography
Components of the mixture are separated based on
their relative solubilities in the mobile and stationary
phase
Solubility Polarity

Result: Polar components are found on the bottom of

the chromatogram while non-polar components are
found at the upper portion of the chromatogram

Paper Chromatography
Set-up
Closed system: prevent volatilization of the solvent, saturate
the system with the vapor of the solvent

Chromatography solvent rises thru capillary action

Solute should not be placed below the solvent

Paper Chromatography
Retardation/Retention factor: the qualitative parameter
or data
Rf = (distance travelled by A)/(distance solvent)

pH Determination
pH = power of Hydrogen
pH = -log[H+] = log (1/[H+])
Only applicable to aqueous solutions where the solvent,
water, is assumed very very slightly dissociated into the
ions H+ and OH-.
[H+][OH-] = Kw = 1.0 10-14
pH + pOH = 14

pH Determination
Aqueous solutions may be defined as acids, bases or
neutral
Acidic if [H+] > [OH-], or its pH < 7.00 and its pOH > 7.00
Basic if [H+] < [OH-], or its pH > 7.00 and its pOH < 7.00
Neutral if [H+] = [OH-], or its pH = 7.00 and its pOH =
7.00

pH Determination
Dilution Formula:
M1V1 = M2V2

Relative Strengths of Acids and

Bases

Operational definitions based on smell, touch, and

reactivities with Mg, Carbonates, litmus paper,
phenolphthalein, methyl orange, base, acid
Conceptual definitions based on structural lay-out

Relative Strengths of Acids and

Bases

Acid and Base Strength: displacement of weaker

acid/base from its salt or conjugate base/acid form to
give weak acid/base
Depends on bond strength