Suggested reference

Convention on Biological Diversity.

Text and Annexes. Montreal Canada.
Biodiversity in Malaysia. 2006.

Biodiversity
The variability among living
organisms from all sources including,
inter alia, terrestrial, marine and
other aquatic ecosystems and the
ecological complexes of which they
are part; this include diversity within
species, between species, and of
ecosystems (Article 2 CBD).
Biological diversity includes, species
diversity, genetic diversity and

Homework: Define
Species diversity
Genetic diversity
Ecosystem diversity

Classification of living things (sensu

who?)

Virus
Prokaryote/Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

5 kingdom system (Whittaker)

Classification?
Linnaeus
1735[6]
2
kingdoms

Haeckel
1866[1]
3
kingdoms

Chatton
1925[7][8]
2 empires

Woeseet
Copeland Whittaker
al.
1938[9][10]
1969[4]
1977[11][12]
4 kingdom 5 kingdom
6 kingdom
s
s
s

Cavalier-S
Woese et
mith
al.
1990[13]
2004[5]
3 domains 6
kingdoms

Eubacteria Bacteria
Prokaryota Mychota
(not
treated)

Monera
Archaebac Archaea
teria

Protista

Eukaryota
Vegetabili
a

Plantae

Animalia

Animalia

Bacteria

Protoctista Protista

Protista

Plantae

Plantae

Plantae

Protozoa
Chromista

Eukarya

Plantae

Protoctista Fungi

Fungi

Fungi

Animalia

Animalia

Animalia

Animalia

Virus
Borderline between living thing and
non living things.
Obligate parasites, can only
reproduce only by infecting living
cell.
Use DNA of the host to make their
own DNA
Outside the host, its inactive.
A virus composed of a core of DNA
and RNA.

Prokaryote/Monera
Monera is an obsolete terms. Its Prokaryote
now!
Today, prokaryote taxonomists agree that
a reliable classification can only be
achieved by the exploration of the internal
diversity of taxa by a wide range of
techniques in what is generally known as
the `polyphasic approach
Based on Genomic Information and
Phenotypic.

 With specific species concept.

Bacteria
Blue green algae/ cyanobacteria

Protista
Eukaryotic, unicellular.
Protozoan, Amoeba, Algae, Plankton
Algae- sometimes put under Plantae.
(Cryptogam). Many types of algae;
green algae, brown algae, red algae,
giant kerp.
Dinoflagellate- Marine plankton
Diatoms

Fungi
Often regarded as a branch of botany
study
But closely related to animal rather
than plant
Wide range of habitat, desert to deep
sea
Heterotrophic
Life style: Parasitic, mutualistic,
saprophytic.
Can be harmful or useful to human

Classification of Fungi: Based on

method of producing sexual spore
Chytiridiomycota previously was
classified as Protista.
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basiomycota

Lichen?
A composite of organisms; symbiosis
between alage and fungus.
Mostly between Ascomycota (fungus) and
green algae or Nostoc.
Many types: crustose, folliose, filamentous,
fruticose, leprose, squamulose, gelatinous.
Mostly sparks interest among organic
chemist, because Lichen contents interesting
secondary metabolites. (hard work!)

Lichen

Plantae
Eichler- Syllabus der Vorlesungen
ber species und MedicinischPharmaceutische Botanik
Plantae
1) Cryptogamae (Thallophyta,
Bryophyta, Pteridophyta)
2) Phanerogamae (Gymnosperm,
Angiosperm)

 Non vascular Bryophytes

Vascular Pteridophytes
Seedless
- Spermatophytes/Higher
Plant Gymnosperm and
Angiosperm (Seed Plant
Families).

From Jungle to Kitchen

 Bryophytes Hornworts
(Anthocerotophyta), Liverworts
(Marchantiophyta) e.g. Marchantia,
Mosses (Bryophyta) e.g. Sphagnum
Pteridophytes Fern allies (Lycopsida,
Equisetopsida, Psilopsida) e.g.
Selaginella. Asplenium. Fern
(Pteropsida) e.g. Athyrium filix-femina
Higher Plants Gymnosperm e.g.
Gingko biloba, Gnetum gnemon.
Angiosperm e.g. Centella asiatica,
Tamarindus indica, Oryza sativa.

Mosses of Sabah

Family: Palmae
Well known tropical plant.
Widely use in everyday life and
also as ornamental plant.
Cocos nucifera (Kelapa)
Elaeis guineensis (Kelapa sawit)
Salacca sp. (Pokok salak)
Johannesteijsmannia (Pokok
Payung)
Licuala (Daun Silat)

More about plants

Read: The evolution of land plants.
Ethno-botany: List down home
remedies that you know.

Animalia
Vertebrate

Fish
Amphibian
Reptile
Aves
Mammal

Invertebrate

Anthropoda
Annelida
Cnidaria
Echinodermata
Mollusca
Platheylminthes
Porifera

 Fish
Jawless- Sucker e.g.
Hagfish
Cartilaginous- e.g.
Sharks, stingray
Bony e.g.
Coelacanth

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Elopiformes
Family: Megalopidae
Genus: Megalops

Amphibian
- Anura- e.g. Frogs
- Caudata e.g.
Salamander.
- Gymnophiona

 Reptiles
Crocodaliacrocodile
Sphenodontia -2
species only NZ
Squamata- lizards
Testudines Turtle
and Tortise

Aves
A sister of Reptiles
but with feathers
and wings.

Komodo Dragon

 Birds arose from theropod dinosaurs at

some point in the Jurassic, according
to present knowledge. Birds, together
with the rest of the dinosaurs, the
crocodilians, and their relatives are
classified together in the Archosauria.
Classification:
Palaeognathae (all big flightless birds, and
tinamous)
Neognathae (all other living birds- Hawk
to penguin)

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Columbiformes
Family: Columbidae
Subfamily: Raphinae
Genus: Raphus
Species:
R.
cucullatus

Homework: Old
World Vulture vs.
New World Vulture
Homework:
Taxonomy of New
World Vulture.

GreTsch White Falcon

Mammal
Mammary gland
Hairy
Three middle ears bone (homework:
whale vs. dog)
Sweat glands
Endothermic
Wide range of size, bumbblebee bat to
blue whale.
Classification, sensu McKenna/Bell 1997

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Monotremata
Family: Ornithorhynchidae
Genus: Ornithorhynchus
Blumenbach, 1800
Species:
O. anatinus

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Phascolarctidae
Genus: Phascolarctos
Species:
P. cinereus

.Lions and tigers come

running just to steal your
love.
Especially in Michigan by Red Hot Chili Peppers

Family: Felidae
Originated in Asia, but later well
spread to other continents (land
bridges)
Including: Lion, Leopard, Jaguar,
Cougar, Puma, Cheetah, Lynx.
Strict carnivores
Pre Historic cat: Saber Toothed Tiger,
Smilodon.

Family: Felidae
Panthera tigris
Panthera tigris tigris (Bengal
Tiger, colour white to yellow)
Panthera tigris corbetii (Indochina
Tiger)
Panthera tigris jacksonii (Malayan
Tiger)
Panthera tigris sumatrae
(Sumatran Tiger)
Panthera tigris altaica (Siberian
Tiger)
Panthera tigris amoyensis (South
China Tiger)
Javan Tiger, Bali Tiger,
Caspian/Persian Tiger. All are
extinct.

Pardofelis (Bornean
cats)
Endemic to Borneo
Island
http://borneanwild
cat.blogspot.com
/
For more info,
contact: Daniel
Pamin (IBTP).

Apes
Hylobatidae
(Lesser Ape)
Siamang
Ungka
Gibbon

Hominidae (Great
Ape)
Chimpanzees
Gorillas
Orang Utan
Human

Marine mammals
Whale
Order: Cetace
Baleen whale (Blue
Whale, Humpback,
bowhead, minke,
killer whale, sperm
whale)
Toothed whale
(Dolphins,
porpoises)

Homework: Read
evolution of

Pennipedia group
Sea lion, walrus,
seals.

Invertebrates
Spineless
The most abundance on earth.
(Known)
Example: Arthropods, Annelids,
Mollusca etc etc

Arthropods
With external skeleton (But some
also soft bodied animal).
Segmented body
Joined appendages
Trilobites(Extinct), Insecta
(Hexapods), Arachnids (8 legged),
Crustacea (10 legged).

Living Fossil

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:Chelicerata
Class: Merostomata
Order: Xiphosura
Family: Limulidae
Genus: Limulus
Species:
L. polyphemus

Insecta

6 legged
Chitinous body
Compound eyes
The most diverse group of animal in the
world (known)
Long history of evolution. E.g. Beetle
evolved ~300 million yrs. Ago.
Beetle is the most diverse group of living
thing in the world. Its everywhere!

 Odonata- Dragonfly and Damsel fly,

aquatic or semi-aquatic. The most
primitive.
Coleoptera- Beetle. The most
diverse. Originated from Lower
Premian period.
Lepidoptera- Moths and Butterflies.
The most advance.
Hymenoptera- Bees, Wasps, Ants.
Blattaria- Cockroach. With long
history of evolution.

Aquatic Invertebrata
Mollusca
With shell, calcium
carbonate
Gastropods,
Cephalopods,
Bivalve
Shells, Clams,
Squids, Snail, Slugs
etc etc.

Echinodermata
Found in every
ocean depth,
intertidal to
abbysal zone.
Bristle star, sea
cucumber, Gamat,
Starfish etc etc..

Worms of the World

Annelida

Nematoda

Platyhelminthe
s

Body Cavity

True body
cavity (fluid
filled)

Lack of body
cavity

No body cavity

Symmetry

Bilateral

Bilateral

Bilateral

Circulatory
system

Present (closed
system)

No or lacking

No or lacking

Cephalization

a nervous
system made
of two ventral
chords and one
relatively big
nervous cell
concentration
in its anterior
portion
resembling a
primitive brain.

an anterior
neural ring
connected to
two neural
chords, a
ventral and a
dorsal one

two small
anterior
cerebral
ganglia from
which neural
chords split

External

Present

Absent

Absent

Biodiversity in Malaysia
Among 12 of megabiodiversity country
(what a clich term!) in the world.
It is impossible to know the real number of
species in Malaysia. Estimated more than
170, 000 spp. (2006).
Has great range of habitats.
One of the oldest forest on earth, existed
continuously for over 130 million years.
Thus allowing evolutionary diversification.

Everything under the sun!

Mammals 286 species. 27 endemics to
Malaysia.
Birds 736 species
Reptiles 268 species
Amphibians 158 species
Fishes >4,000 species
Invertebrates 150, 000 species
Seed plants 18, 536 spp.
Seedless plants >2,000 spp.

Flagship species

Conservation of Biodiversity in
Malaysia
In-situ
Establishment of parks and forest
reserves.
E.g. Taman Negara, Tawau Hills Park,
Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Crocker
Range Park, Danum Valley Conservation
Area. Tabin Wildlife Reserve.

Ex- Situ
Zoos, Sepilok Rehabilitation Centre.

Treasures of Sabah

The Persistence of Memory by Salvador

Dali 1931