Beruflich Dokumente
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4 Lectures
Wave-Particle Duality.
Light behaves like: (a) a wave (diffraction,
interference) and/or (b) a stream of massless
particles or photons, (black body spectrum,
photoelectric effect, Compton scattering).
Consider diffraction
from a slit, one photon at
a time.
The experiment shows
that individual particles
of light gradually build
up the diffraction pattern
predicted by the classical
wave theory.
The wave pattern
describes the probability
of detecting a photon at
that point.
The wave pattern measures the probability
detecting a photon at that point.
1AMQ P.H. Regan
amplitude of wave)2
X-ray diffraction
pattern
Electron diffraction
pattern
xp x h
xp x h
2
2
, xp x h
, Et h
dp
d 2x
dV
F
ma m 2 and for 1 - D, F
dt
dt
dx
dV
d 2 x ie. given V(x), solve for
thus,
m 2
dx
dt x(t) or V(x,t).
For matter waves, p=h/Thus, we need a
differential equation to calculate how forces
(described by a potential energy) affect or p.
We will solve this problem for a wave,
which has an amplitude (for each
value of position (x) and time (t).
x,t)=cos(kx-t) , k=2and
We can re-write this formula in terms of e, as
x,toei(kxteikxt
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p2
h
h
E K V
V , where p k , (
)
2m
2
Now, if
0 e
i ( kx t )
d
, then, if t const ,
ik
dx
d 2 d
and 2 (ik ) ik . ik k 2
dx
dx
2
p
d
p (k ) , so
2
2m
2m dx
2
d
i , and if E h , then,
dt
d
i E
dt
Thus, p 2
d
(
V ) i can be written as
2m
dt
2 d 2
d
( V ) i
2
2m dx
dt
This is the Schrodinger equation.
1AMQ P.H. Regan
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( x, t ) ( x )e i t
where x) satisifies
2 d 2
[
V ( x)] E or, H E
2
2m dx
Properties of the T.I.S.E.
Applies when V=V(x), ie. V is independent of
time.Eg. an e- wave acted on by a fixed nucleus,
but NOT an atom in an oscillating magnetic field.
Applies only in the non-relativistic limit
(ie. assumes K=(1/2)mv2=p2/2m).
Assumes p=h/ and E=h.
Is linear in ie no terms like etc. Laws
of superposition are valid. If a and b are
two possible solutions, then caa+cbb
is a solution for all constants ca and cb.
1AMQ P.H. Regan
13
Wavefunctions
We have 2 forms of Schrodinger equation,
(a) general, time-dependent solve for (x,t),
when V(x,t) is given, and
(b) TISE, for V=V(x) only. Solve for x) when
V(x) is given. Solution is a standing wave,
ie. (x,t)=(x) e-it
Wavefunctions are solutions to the
Schrodinger wave equation. The w.function,
x,t) describes physical state of the
particle, such as its momentum, energy etc.
and also where the particle (probability
wise) is.
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| ( x, t ) |
dx 1
15
2 d 2
d 2
2mE
H
E , ie. 2 2
2
2m dx
dx
2mE
ax
2
a ( Ae ) ,
a 2
2
dx
dx
2mE
2mE
ie. a i
, thus if, k
,
2
( k )
E
2m
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V 0 0 x L and
V x 0 and L
x=0
x=L
17
( x) A1e A2 e
ikx
ikx
2mE
, with k
( x) ( A1 A2 ) cos kx i ( A1 A2 ) sin kx
A sin kx B cos kx, where A, B are consts.
1AMQ P.H. Regan
18
nx
( x) A sin(
)
L
Hence, kL = n,
where n=1,2,3.,
ie k=nL and thus
nx
2 L
| ( x) | dx 1 | A | 0 sin ( L )dx | A | 2
L
Thus
( x)
2
nx
sin(
) and
L
L
2
nx it
( x, t )
sin(
)e
L
L
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Energy Quantization
For particles (eg, electrons) in box, the
boundary conditions mean that only certain
modes are allowed for the wavefunction, ie.
( x, t )
2
nx it
sin(
)e
L
L
n
from the restriction,
But the particle energy is given by,
2
p
p
(k )
E
V
2m
2m
2m
n 2
(
)
2
2 2
(k )
h
n
L
En
, with n 1,2,3...
2
2m
2m
8mL
1AMQ P.H. Regan
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