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NOISE

NOISE
Unwanted electrical signals that corrupts
message signal
No control
Same Transmitted signal cannot be received

SOURCE

External Noise
From

outside

Internal Noise
Within

device

TYPES OF NOISE
1. Correlated
1. Harmonic distortion
2. Intermediation distortion
2. Uncorrelated noise
1. External
1. Atmospheric
2. Extra-terrestrial
1. Solar
2. Cosmic
3. Man made
2. Internal
1. Shot noise
2. Transit time noise
3. Thermal noise

CORRELATED NOISE
Internal noise related to signal
Produced by Non linear amplification

Harmonic Distortion
Unwanted

frequency

Inter Modulation Distortion


Generation

of unwanted sum and difference


frequencies produced when two or more signals mix
in nonlinear device.
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UNCORRELATED NOISE
Present all the time
External

Atmospheric

Electrical disturbance that originate within Earths


atmosphere(Lightning, Thunder)

Extraterrestrial

Noise

Solar suns heat


Cosmic Stars(Galaxy)

Man

made

Produced (Spark , Fluorescent lights etc )

Internal

Created
Shot

by active and passive components

noise

Random arrival of electrons & holes

Transit-time

noise

While changing (Input to Output)

Thermal

noise

Inside resistance(movement of electrons )


Resistor noise or white noise

NOISE CALCULATIONS
Addition of noise due to several sources
Addition of noise due to several amplifiers in
cascade
Noise in reactive circuits

Noise Voltage
VN = (4KTRB)

Noise Current
IN = (4KTGB)

K Boltzmanns Constant(1.38x 10-23 joules per Kelvin)


B Bandwidth
TTemperature
R Resistance
G Conductance

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

The process of changing the amplitude of carrier


signal with respect to the original message
signal.

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BANDWIDTH OF AM

Twice of maximum frequency of modulating


signal

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MODULATION INDEX

Amplitude change in modulated carrier from un


modulated level with respect to amplitude of
modulating signal.
Co efficient of modulation
Ratio of maximum amplitude of modulating signal
to maximum amplitude of carrier signal.
ma = Vm/Vc
%ma = Vm/Vc x 100

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ADVANTAGES
Simple modulator and demodulator circuits
Inexpensive
Travel long distance
Large area than FM

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DISADVANTAGES
Poor performance in presence of noise
Wastage in bandwidth
Inefficient use of transmitter power(33.3%)

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APPLICATIONS

Commercial broadcasting of both audio & video


signals
Aircraft communications

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DSB-SC & SSB SC

AM or DSB-FC
Double

DSB SC
Double

side band full carrier

side band suppressed carrier

SSB SC
Single

side band suppressed carrier

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THREE COMPONENTS OF AM WAVE

Carrier

Upper Side band (USB)

Lowe Side band(LSB)

1. Carrier does not convey any information.


2. Sidebands contains information (Image so same
information)
3. Bandwidth and Power wastage.

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DSB-SC

Contains only upper and lower side bands


Carrier is suppressed (because no useful
information)

Bandwidth
DSB-SC Generation
Frequency spectrum
Equation
Advantages & Disadvantages

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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Advantages
More

efficient ( Power saving 66.7%)


Better signal to noise ratio

Disadvantages
Bandwidth

remains same

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SSB-SC

In DSB-SC information transmitted is twice


Sidebands are the sum & difference of the carrier and
modulating signal.
So one sideband is enough for transmitting and recovering
message.
Increase in the power saving

Bandwidth
DSB-SC Generation
Frequency spectrum
Equation

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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Advantages

Bandwidth
Power

is less (fm)

saving (83.3%)
Reduced noise

Disadvantages
Complex
Need

precise tuning

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APPLICATIONS
Point to point radio telephone communication
SSB telegraph system
Police wireless communication
VHF &UHF communication
Military communication
Mobile communication

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COMPARISON

AM(DSB FC)

DSB SC

SSB SC

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ANGLE MODULATION

Phase Modulation (PM)

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Timing parameter is modulated according to the


modulating signal(message signal)
Amplitude remains constant
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ADVANTAGES OVER AM

Noise reduction

Improved system fidelity

More efficient

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PHASE MODULATION

Changing the phase of the carrier signal in


accordance with amplitude of message signal.

Expression
Vpm(t) = Vc cos(ct + m cos mt)

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Modulation index
Modulation index is proportional to the
amplitude of the modulating signal , independent
of its frequency .
mp = KpVm

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

Changing the frequency of the carrier signal in


accordance with amplitude of message
signal(modulating signal).
Expression
VFM(t) = Vc cos(ct + mf sin mt )

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Modulation index
Ratio

of frequency deviation to modulating frequency

mf = Frequency deviation

Modulation frequency
mf = f / fm

Frequency deviation ( f)
Change in the frequency of the carrier signal
from unmodulated value.
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Deviation Ratio(DR)
A ratio of maximum peak frequency deviation to
the maximum modulating signal frequency
Percentage modulation of FM wave
Raito of the actual frequency deviation produced by
the modulating signal to the maximum allowable
frequency deviation

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BANDWIDTH
Theoretically infinite
Practically calculated based on number of
sidebands with significant amplitude

Narrow band FM (modulation index <1)


Twice

of modulating signal frequency (2fm)

Wide

Band FM(modulation index >1)


2(fm x n)

Carsons rule
B =2 (fmax +fm (max))

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