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NOISE
Unwanted electrical signals that corrupts
message signal
No control
Same Transmitted signal cannot be received
SOURCE
External Noise
From
outside
Internal Noise
Within
device
TYPES OF NOISE
1. Correlated
1. Harmonic distortion
2. Intermediation distortion
2. Uncorrelated noise
1. External
1. Atmospheric
2. Extra-terrestrial
1. Solar
2. Cosmic
3. Man made
2. Internal
1. Shot noise
2. Transit time noise
3. Thermal noise
CORRELATED NOISE
Internal noise related to signal
Produced by Non linear amplification
Harmonic Distortion
Unwanted
frequency
UNCORRELATED NOISE
Present all the time
External
Atmospheric
Extraterrestrial
Noise
Man
made
Internal
Created
Shot
noise
Transit-time
noise
Thermal
noise
NOISE CALCULATIONS
Addition of noise due to several sources
Addition of noise due to several amplifiers in
cascade
Noise in reactive circuits
Noise Voltage
VN = (4KTRB)
Noise Current
IN = (4KTGB)
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
10
BANDWIDTH OF AM
11
MODULATION INDEX
12
ADVANTAGES
Simple modulator and demodulator circuits
Inexpensive
Travel long distance
Large area than FM
13
DISADVANTAGES
Poor performance in presence of noise
Wastage in bandwidth
Inefficient use of transmitter power(33.3%)
14
APPLICATIONS
15
AM or DSB-FC
Double
DSB SC
Double
SSB SC
Single
16
Carrier
17
DSB-SC
Bandwidth
DSB-SC Generation
Frequency spectrum
Equation
Advantages & Disadvantages
18
Advantages
More
Disadvantages
Bandwidth
remains same
19
SSB-SC
Bandwidth
DSB-SC Generation
Frequency spectrum
Equation
20
Advantages
Bandwidth
Power
is less (fm)
saving (83.3%)
Reduced noise
Disadvantages
Complex
Need
precise tuning
21
APPLICATIONS
Point to point radio telephone communication
SSB telegraph system
Police wireless communication
VHF &UHF communication
Military communication
Mobile communication
22
COMPARISON
AM(DSB FC)
DSB SC
SSB SC
23
ANGLE MODULATION
ADVANTAGES OVER AM
Noise reduction
More efficient
25
PHASE MODULATION
Expression
Vpm(t) = Vc cos(ct + m cos mt)
26
Modulation index
Modulation index is proportional to the
amplitude of the modulating signal , independent
of its frequency .
mp = KpVm
27
FREQUENCY MODULATION
28
Modulation index
Ratio
mf = Frequency deviation
Modulation frequency
mf = f / fm
Frequency deviation ( f)
Change in the frequency of the carrier signal
from unmodulated value.
29
30
Deviation Ratio(DR)
A ratio of maximum peak frequency deviation to
the maximum modulating signal frequency
Percentage modulation of FM wave
Raito of the actual frequency deviation produced by
the modulating signal to the maximum allowable
frequency deviation
31
BANDWIDTH
Theoretically infinite
Practically calculated based on number of
sidebands with significant amplitude
Wide
Carsons rule
B =2 (fmax +fm (max))
32
33