Bengkel Persediaan Pensarjanaan

PPP IPG KPM Zon Sabah & Sarawak

IPGK Kent
1113 Mei 2016

SET INDUKSI

Why Educational Research?

Educators need to be both consumers &
producers of research. According to Creswell
(2002), some purposes of educational research
are:
a.Improve Practice
b.Add to & Expand Knowledge
c.Address Gaps in Knowledge
d.Replicate Knowledge (Verification)

Findings of Educational Research

Are these valid research findings?
1) Research has shown that 4 out of 5 teachers
interviewed used Space X Science Workbook.
2) Years of research have shown that SuperSlim
Capsules will reduce obese students weight in
a matter of weeks
3) To decide which science textbook to buy, a
teacher browses through teachers reports,
catalogues, brochures & surveys before buying
Super Y Science Textbook.

Input Outline
Why educational research?
The research process (outline)
Example of a research problem, purpose,
objectives, questions & hypotheses
Should you use quantitative research
questions or research hypotheses?

The Research Process

Generating Research Ideas (issue/problem)
Plan for research (literature review, design & direction)
Formulating Research Problem (Aim/Purpose)
Developing Research Questions or Hypothesis
Design study
Collect Data
Analyze & Interpret Result
Communicate Result

Example of a Research
Problem
Purpose,
Objectives,
Questions &
Hypotheses

The Research Problem

A good research problem must be
researchable. That is, the researcher
must have access to the resources and
data necessary to complete a study.
Describes what your research is about &
what your aims are.
A good statement gives an overall
picture, focuses on the variables involved
& the direction the research is heading.

The effectiveness of CAI in teaching Form 2 science

Statement of the Problem

Computer usage in schools is becoming
widespread, and it is considered to be an
influential learning tool. However, there is
controversy over its effective usage. A
paucity of empirical research exists
concerning how computer-assisted
instruction (CAI) drill and practice affects
attitude, motivation and achievement of
Form Two science students. This study
investigates whether CAI is more effective
than the traditional method in teaching ..

The Statement of the Problem

1) What are the variables in the study?
2) Real problem of study?
3) Having known the problem, why cause
you to want to carry out this study?
4) Any related research incorporated?
5) After finding the results, can use it for
what purpose?

Purpose of the Research

The main purpose of this research is to
determine the effectiveness of CAI (Computer
Aided Instruction) in improving Form Two
students attitude, motivation and achievement
in the teaching of science as compared to the
traditional method.
Independent Variable: CAI & Traditional Methods
Dependent Variable: students attitude, motivation & achievement

Research Objectives
(a) To investigate whether CAI method is more
effective in improving Form Two students
achievement in science as compared to the
traditional method.
(b) To investigate whether CAI method is more
effective in improving the attitude and
motivation of Form Two students towards the
learning of science as compared to the
traditional method.

Developing
Research Questions
and/or Hypotheses
Research Questions help to explain the purpose of
the research.

Research Questions
(a) Is the CAI method more effective in improving
students achievement in Form Two science as
compared to the traditional method?
(b) Is the CAI method more effective in improving
the attitude and motivation of Form Two
students towards the learning of science as
compared to the traditional method?

An hypothesis
An hypothesis is a specific statement
of prediction. It describes in concrete
(rather than theoretical) terms what you
expect will happen in your study.

How do you formulate an hypothesis?

How do you formulate an hypothesis?

1) Hypotheses are derived from knowledge obtained
from the review of literature of other experiments,
theories etc.
2) A hypothesis should have the following attributes

Two or more variables that are measurable

eg The implementation of CAI will result in
improvement of students attitude towards
science.

An independent (eg gender) & dependent

variable

A relationship between two or more variables

A possible prediction

Research Hypotheses
Ho1: There is no significant difference in the means of
the Form Two students science achievement test
achieved through the CAI method and traditional
method.
Ha1: There is a significant difference in the means of
the Form Two students science achievement test
achieved through the CAI method and traditional
method (Non-directional)
Ha1: Form Two students taught using the CAI method
will have higher mean in science achievement test
than those students taught using the traditional
method (Directional).

Research Hypotheses
Ho2: There is no significant difference between CAI
method and traditional method with regard to the
improvement of Form Two students attitude
towards the learning of science.
Ha2: There is a significant difference between CAI
method and traditional method with regard to the
improvement of Form Two students attitude
towards the learning of science (Non-directional)
Ha2: Form Two students taught using the CAI method
will show greater improvement in their attitude
towards the learning of science than those students
taught using the traditional method (Directional)

Research Hypotheses
Ho3: There is no significant difference between CAI
method and traditional method with regard to the
improvement of Form Two students motivation
towards the learning of science.
Ha3: There is a significant difference between CAI
method and traditional method with regard to the
improvement of Form Two students motivation
towards the learning of science (Non-directional)
Ha3: Form Two students taught using the CAI method
will show greater improvement in their motivation
towards the learning of science than those students
taught using the traditional method (Directional)

Should you use quantitative

research questions or
hypotheses or both?

Should you use quantitative research questions or

research hypotheses or both?
Sometimes dissertations should include both
research questions and research hypotheses
although this is NOT always the case.
If the research questions are no more than a
repetition of the research hypotheses, it is often
better to include only ONE of them.
If there are multiple research hypotheses used to
address a single research question, we would
recommend using BOTH research questions and
research hypotheses.

Do all studies have hypotheses?

Not all studies have hypotheses.
Exploratory study like survey &
Qualitative research study do not have
hypotheses!

After pinpointing the Research

Problem
What else d
o
Purpose,
you have to
think about
Objectives,
next?
Questions &
Hypotheses,

What else do you

have to think about
next?
The types of
research
design &
methodology
to use!