GENETIC

ENGINEERING
Rhey Mark Ortega
Charlene Ann Pablo
Bryan Pacturan
Angelica Joy Pascual
Shaena Pearanda
Jacqueline Nicole Pizarro

GENETIC ENGINEERING

The simple addition,

deletion, or manipulation
of a single trait in an
organism to create a
desired change

GENETIC ENGINEERING

The
deliberate
modification
of
the
characteristics
of
an
organism by manipulating
its genetic material.

Recombinant DNA

The ability to
combine the DNA of
one organism with
the DNA of another
organism.
Recombinant DNA
technology was first
used in the 1970s
with bacteria.

Selective Breeding

Breed only those

plants or animals with
desirable traits

People have been

using
selective
breeding for 1000s of
years with farm crops
and
domesticated
animals.

How does it work?

In cross pollination
(think Mendels peas),
we are combining two
traits to get a mixture
of results.

In genetic engineering, a single

gene, a half page recipe in the
52-thousand-page set of recipe
books, can direct the plant to
make new traits or remove them.

WHO PROPOSED GENETIC

ENGINEERING?

Charles Darwin (1859)

Gregor Mendel (1865)

Friedrich Miescher (1869)

Walter Sutton and Theodor

Boveri

 T.H.

Morgan (1910)

A.H.

Sturtevant (1913)

H.J.

Muller (1927)

Barbara

McClintock and
Harrier Creighton (1931)

George Beadle and E.L.

Tatum
(1941)

James Watson and Francis

Crick
(1953)

Matthew Meselson and

Marshall Nirenberg and Har

Gobind Khorana (1966)

Stewart Linn and Werner

Arber
(late 1960's)

Stanley Cohen and Herbert

Boyer

HISTORY OF GENETIC
ENGINEERING

Genetic engineering based on

genetics, a science started from
the early 1900s based on
experiments by the Austrian
monk, Gregor Mendel.

In 1944, DNA is identified as

the
carrier
of
genetic
information by Oswald Avery
Colin McLeod and Maclyn
McCarty.

1953, the discovery of the

structure of DNA, by Watson
and Crick.

Oswald Avery
Colin McLeod

Maclyn McCarty

1973, the discovery by

Cohen and Boyer of a
recombinant DNA technique
by which a section of DNA
was cut from the plasmid of
an E.coli bacterium and
transferred into the DNA of
another.

During the late 1970s,

researchers used recombinant
DNA to engineer bacteria to
produce small quantities of
insulin and interferon.

In 1980, green genetic

engineering
was
born.
Genetic material is introduced
into cell cultures for the first
time ever with the aid of
Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

In 1982, the U.S Food and

Drug Administration approved
the
first
genetically
engineered drug, Genentechs
Humulin, a form of human
insulin produced by bacteria.

In 1987, the first field tests

of
genetically
engineered
crops (tobacco and tomato)
are conducted in the United
States. Committee of the
National Academy of Sciences
concluded that transferring
genes between species of
organisms posed no serious
environmental hazards.

In year 2000, International

Biosafety Protocol is approved
by 130 countries at the
Convention
on
Biological
Diversity in Monreal, Canada.
The protocol agrees upon
labelling
genetically
engineered crops.

BREEDING STRATEGIES

SELECTION

INBREEDING

HYBRIDIZATION

SELECTION

It means choosing parents

with desirable genes and
rejecting
parents
with
undesirable genes.

INBREEDING

It means mating closely related

individuals.

Its purpose is to get offspring

with pure traits.

This method produces such

breeds as German Shepherds,
toy poodles, and Great Danes.

HYBRIDIZATION

Another method of producing

good stock or strains.

Parents with differing traits are

crossed. Thus, it is a cross
between dissimilar individuals.

GENETIC ENGINEERING
IN ANIMALS

3 Types of Modern Genetic

Engineering For Animals

Xenografting

Cloning

Manipulation

XENOGRAFTING

The use of human DNA to

supplement an animal's or
vice versa.

CLONING

It can be accomplished by
inserting the DNA of one
animal into the fetus of the
same species along with a
vector which gets cleans out
the DNA already in the
embryo.

MANIPULATION

The changing of animal DNA.

Transgenic Organisms

Genetically modified
organisms are called
transgenic organisms.

Transgenic Animals

Mice used to
study
human
immune system.

Transgenic Animals

Chickens
more resistant
to infections.

Transgenic Animals

Cows increase milk supply and

leaner meat.

Goats, sheep and pigs

produce human proteins in their
milk.

Human DNA in
a Goat Cell

This goat contains a human

gene that codes for a blood
clotting agent. The blood
clotting agent can be harvested
in the goats milk.

Spider Goat

Super Salmon

Chicken Egg Drugs

PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING

Embyo Culture Technique

excised embryo from

immature seeds are directly
transferred to a culture dish
or culture tube with synthetic
nutrient medium.

PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING

Synthetic Seed
Engineering

man-made seeds.
produce in stem cell grown
and culture in laboratory.

PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING

Gene-Splicing Technique

process of taking genesfrom

one organism and splicing
them into the genes of
another.

Human Genetic
Engineering

Can We
Genetically
Improve
Intelligence?

Human Genetic Engineering

Can

we
genetically
enhance
ourselves?

Human Genetic Engineering

Are we be able
to make genius
babies?

Human Genetic Engineering

What are the true

potential benefits
and risks of this
powerful
technology?

Human Genetic Engineering

And is genetic
engineering
something we
should endeavor
to pursue at all?

Human Genetic Engineering

Manipulation
of DNA in
human beings.

Human Genetic Engineering

HGE is a process by which

scientists
and
medical
professionals alter the genetic
makeup, or DNA, in a living
human cell.

Human Genetic Engineering

Ideally, HGE would be used to fix

defective genes that cause
diseases and other genetic
complications.

Human Genetic Engineering

Example is Gene therapy:
- Treating diseases by
replacing the defective gene, either by
incorporating a normal copy of the gene
in the germ-cells (egg or sperm) or in the
embryo (germline gene replacement
therapy), or by supplying copies of the
normal gene to be taken up and
incorporated into cells of the adult
(somatic cell gene replacement therapy).

TWO APPLICATIONS OF HGE

Somatic Engineering

Germline Engineering

Somatic Engineering

Somatic engineering (from the

Greek
word
soma,
which
means body) targets specific
genes in specific organs and
tissues without affecting the
genes in the eggs or sperm
(depending upon the gender of
the person).

Somatic Engineering

The aim of this type of

human genetic engineering is
to treat or cure an existing
condition. It does not alter the
individuals entire genetic
makeup.

Somatic Engineering

Mitochondrial DNA transfer is

a technique designed for the
purpose
of
eliminating
mitochondrial disease.

Somatic Engineering

Mitochondrial disease is a
genetic disorder that can cause a
variety
of
malfunctions
throughout the body, including
stunted growth, an increased risk
of infection, diabetes, disease of
the heart, liver, kidneys, and
such.

GERMLINE ENGINEERING

The other type of human

genetic
engineering
which
targets the genes in eggs, sperm,
or embryos in very early stages
of development.

GERMLINE ENGINEERING

This means that the genetic

modifications that take place affect
every cell created afterwards in
the developing embryos body.
Germline HGM also means that the
modifications are passed on to all
future generations if the individual
goes on to have offspring.

GERMLINE ENGINEERING

Designer baby, Human

Genome Project and Cognitive
Genomic Project.

CLONING

CLONING

The
replication
or
multiplication
of
a
DNA
molecule, cell or organism,
resulting in copies that are
identical to the original DNA
molecule, cell or organism.

CLONING

The insertion of DNA fragments

into another DNA molecule
(vector)
by
means
of
recombinant DNA techniques and
the making of multiple copies of
the
combined
material
by
incorporating it into a cell in
which it can replicate.

CLONING

Cloning can be considered as a

third method of HGE.

There are three main types of

cloning:
Recombinant
DNA
technology or DNA cloning,
Reproductive
cloning,
and
Therapeutic cloning.

CLONING

DNA cloning is the transfer of a

DNA fragment from one organism
to a self-replicating genetic
element in order for the DNA to
replicate itself in a foreign host
cell.

CLONING

Reproductive cloning, on the

other hand, is used to generate
an organism that has the same
nuclear DNA as another currently
or previously existing organism
(think of Dolly the sheep).

CLONING

Therapeutic cloning also

known as embryo cloning
involves the production of
human embryos for use in
research.

Human Genetic
Engineering

MOVIES RELATED TO HGE:

Benefits and Risk of Genetic

Engineering
Advantages

Determined the sex of

the offspring.
Human race would be
uniform.
Design your babies.
Length of human life
by modifying some
genes
Can cure disorders
Enhance
you
capabilities

Disadvantages

Discrimination
will
occur.
Existence of human
race will be at risk.
Can generate more
greater disease
All the wealthy would
afford them.