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SIGNIFICANCE OF

ALKALINITY IN
CLARIFIER

INTRODUCTION TO CLARIFICATION
Clarification is a process applied to surface
water for removal of suspended solids, fine
solids (which appear as turbidity and color)
and other colloidal material. Clarification is
carried out in an equipment called clarifier,
so purpose of clarifier is,
Removal of turbidity.
Hardness reduction.
Organic matter reduction.
Clarification involves coagulation,
flocculation and sedimentation

What is clarifier?
Clarifiers (sedimentation basins) provide a quiescent, low velocity (typically
<0.5 ft/sec) area where the solid/floc mixture can settle from solution. A
variety of designs are in use square, rectangular and round. Many are fitted
with proprietary modifications to improve settling performance. Detention
time in a clarifier is typically between 30 and 45 minutes.
Characteristics common to all will be:
A means to introduce the flocculated water uniformly to the clarifier
A means to collect and discharge accumulated solids
A means to collect clear effluent and transport to the filtration step
A means to ensure complete treatment and minimize or prevent short
circuiting

Block diagram of Clarifier

What is alkalinity?
An expression of the total basic anions (hydroxyl groups) present in a solution
.It also represents, particularly in water analysis, the bicarbonate, carbonate,
and occasionally, the borate, silicate and phosphate salts, which will react with
water to produce the hydroxyl groups.
Alkalinity is the capacity of water to neutralize acids.
P AND M ALKALINITY:
P-value is the measure of hydroxyl and carbonate alkalinity while M-value is the
measure of total alkalinity. Phenolphthalein indicator enables the measurement
of alkalinity contributed by hydroxide ions and half of carbonate ions. Any
indicator responding in pH range 4~5 can be used to measure the total (M)
alkalinity. P-value and M-value determinations are useful for calculations of
chemical dosage required in the treatment of natural water supplies.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ALKALINITY IN CLARIFIER:


Alkalinity acts as a buffer,
protecting the water and its life
forms from sudden shifts in pH.
This ability to neutralize acid,
or H+ ions, is particularly
important in regions affected
by acid rain.
The alkalinity value is
necessary in the calculation of
carbonate scaling tendencies
To saline water.
The alkalinity acts as a ph
buffer in coagulation and lime
softening of water.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ALKALINITY IN CLARIFIER:


Alkalinity is of critical importance when selecting a
metal salt coagulant such as polyhydroxy aluminum
chloride (PACl), aluminum sulphate (alum), or ferric
sulphate. All these materials need some alkalinity to
drive the hydrolysis reactions that allow the coagulants
to function.

The pH of water may need to be adjusted to Improve


coagulation and flocculation; and to Reduce corrosivity.

Water stabilization is another term for pH adjustment.


When alum is added for coagulation, the pH may drop
out of the optimum range. In this case the water is
considered to be unstable. Lime or soda ash is added to
increase the alkalinity of the water and thus, its stability.
Corrosion control requires that alkalinity is considered.

THE END

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