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INTRODUCTION
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Underground tunnels fall under traffic
tunnels (all tunnels which are excavated to
divert the traffic load).
Rapid transit evolved from steam railways
during the late 19th century and now a
days it has become a necessity for the
larger cities all over the world.
Rapid transit of India consists of
metros (both elevated and underground)
and it started in1984(Kolkata Metro).
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Rapid transit has been in use in all major
cities of India (Kolkata, New Delhi, etc.)
and some are under construction (Jaipur,
Chennai, etc.) or in planning (Kanpur,
Patna, etc.).
The underground tunnel metro trains are
very helpful for rapid transit of any country
because these reduce the congestion in
transportation system. But it (tunnelling)
has been one of the most challenging jobs for
engineers.
METRO
UNDERGROUND
TUNNELS
Underground
TERMINOL
OGY
Excavation in
multiple drifts
Top heading
Core (strozze)
Springline
Bench
Bottom
Invert
Circular
Wall
Crown
Horseshoe
TERMINOLOGY
Crown: The uppermost part of the tunnel,
Drift : A horizontal excavation ,
Heading : The excavated face of the tunnel,
Invert : The bottom (floor) of the tunnel,
Wall : The side of the tunnel,
Portal : The tunnel entrance,
Springline : The line at which the tunnel
wall breaks from sloping outward to sloping
inward toward the crown.
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Undergroundtunnelsmove
traffic away from street level,
leaving more land available for
buildings and other uses. In areas
of high land prices and dense land
use, tunnels may be the only
economic route for the fast
transportation.
Excavation of underground
tunnels is a very difficult job. It
requires sound knowledge of
rocks and soil.
METHODS OF TUNNELLING
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Bored tunnelling is done mainly by using TBM
(tunnel boring machine) in rail transportation
system.
It can also be done by using high intensive LASER
light.
NECESSITY.
MERITS..
Reduce congestion problems in
transportation,
Saving time,
Economical for the people,
Produce less pollution in environment,
Transportation become very fast & secure,
It saves land for building construction &
other purposes, etc.
DEMERITS
During
tunnel
construction
whole
transportation system of the city is disturbed.
Need of skilled labour.
The capital cost is high.
Potential environmental impacts in terms of
noise, dust and visual on sensitive receives
and the areas located near the tunnel portal.
Tunnelling involves the use of heavy
machines which causes high risk to mankind
and property
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