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GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY

1. Development of embryology
2. Germ cell and fertilization
3. Blastocyst and implantation
4. Formation of the germ layer
5. Differentiation of trilaminar germ and
formation of embryo
6. Fetal membrane and placenta
7. Twins and multiple birth

Preembryonic period: 1st week to end of 2nd week


fertilization to formation of bilaminar germ disc
Embryonic period: 3rd week to end of 8th week
formation of embryo
Fetal period: 9th week to birth
growth

Perinatal stage: 26th week to 4 week after birth

Animal

Plant
Human

Development of embryology
Aristotle, B.C 384-322
Semen+menstration

Harvey, 1651:
All life from oocyte

Malpighi, 1675:
A micro-chicken in an egg

Leewenhoek, 1677 :
A micro-human in a sperm

Haeckel, 1868
Biogenetic law

Spemann, 1869-1941
Experimental embryology

Wilmut,1997
Dolly

Germ cell and fertilization


Germ cell
spermatozoon and ovum
1. Spermatozoon
Capacitation In female reproductive tract, the sperms were enabled
to bind to the zona pellucida receptors.
removal of glycoproteins (decapacitation factor) which cover the
sperms

2. Ovum
secondary oocyte arrested at metaphase in the second meiotic division

Fertilization: The process in which the spermatozoon penetrates


into the ovum to form fertilized ovum.
In the ampulla of oviduct

Process of fertilization
Sperm bind to sperm receptor ZP-3 induce
Acrosome reaction release of acrosomal enzyme
Penetration and
release of acrosomal
nucleus acrosome enzyme

Cell
membrane
of ovum

ovum
fertilized ovum
sperm

Zona reaction: Cortical granulesperivitelline space


degrade ZP-3, alteration of zona pellucida barrier
for sperm penetration

The second meiotic division


of the secondary oocyte is
rapidly lifted and the second
polar body is released,
leaving a haploid female
nucleus.

Contac of sperm and ovum

Sperm penetrate into the ovum

Formation of female and male pronucleus

Fusion of pronuclei

Process of fertilization

Fusion of the
membrane of
sperm and ovum

The nucleus

Formation of
pronuclei

of sperm
penetrate into
ovum

Alteration of ovum

Fusion of
pronuclei

24 h

2.Condition of fertilization
Normal ovum
Normal sperm
sufficient numbers
Certain time
12-24h
Free reproductive tract

3.Significance of fertilization
A new life
Diploid
inheritance and aberrance

Sex determination

Formation of blastocyst
and implantation
Cleavage and formation of blastocyst
1. Cleavage early division of fertilized egg
2. Blastomere daughter cells from cleavage
3. Morula 12 to 16- cell stage, enclosed in the zona pellucida,
like morus
4. Blastocyst about 100 blastmeres
blastocoele inner cell mass and trophoblast

polar trophoblast

Phase of cleavage

Fertilized
egg

2-cell
stage
18~36h

4-cell
stage
36~48h

8-cell
stage
48~60h

Morula

12 to 16-cell
stage
The third day

Appearance and inner structure of blastocyst

Appearance

Inner structure

Movement of fertilized egg in the oviduct

Implantation (imbed)
The process by which the blastocyst settles
into endometrium.
6th day to 11th day
Fundus and body of uterus

zona pellucida disappear at the 5th day


1.Trophoblast proliferate and differentiate into two layers
Syncytiotrophoblast outer layer, fused each other, cell
boundaries disappear
Cytotrophoblast inner layer cell boundaries distinct,
simple cuboidal cells

Movement and implantation of fertilized egg

Implantation at 7th day

Cytotrophoblast

Inner cell mass

Polar trophoblast

Endometrium

2.Decidua
endometrium implantation decidua
decidual response
Decidua basalis under the implantation site
Decidua capsularis between the implantation
site and the uterine lumen
Decidua parietalis remaining endometrium

Decidua

Formation of germ layer


Bilaminar germ disc
1.Bilaminar germ disk
Inner cell mass2 layers of cell in disc

(7th day)

Epiblast: columnar cells adjacent to trophoblast


Hypoblast: cuboidal cells adjacent to blastocoele

Epiblast

Columnar cells

Hypoblast

Cuboidal cells

Bilaminar
germ disc

Epiblast
Hypoblast

2. Amnion 8th day


epiblast amnioblast aminiotic membrane
amniotic cavity amniotic fluid
3.Primary yolk sac 9th day
hypoblast extraembyronic endoderm
primary yolk sac

Bilaminar germ disc at 9th day


Primary yolk sac

Hypoblast
Epiblast
Amniotic cavity

Syncytiotrophoblast

Bilaminar germ disc


Decidua

Syncytiotrophoblast

Epiblast
Hypoblast
Primary
yolk sac

Cytotrophoblast
Amniotic
cavity

4. Extraembryonic mesoderm: 10th-11th day


5. Extraembryonic cavity: 12th-13th day
Extraembryonic mesoderm: visceral layer
parietal layer

6. Secondary yolk sac: 13th day


7. Body stalk: 14th day

Embryo at 10th day

Primary yolk sac


Extraembryonic
mesoderm
Germ disc

Amnion

Bilaminar germ disc


Decidua
Epiblast
Hypoblast

Amniotic
cavity
Primary
yolk sac
Cytotrophoblast

Extraembryonic
mesoderm

Syncytiotrophoblast

Embryo at 13th day

Extraembryonic cavity

Primary yolk sac


Secondary yolk sac
Body stalk

Bilaminar germ disc


Primary stem
villus
Extraembryonic
mesoderm
Visceral layer

Extraembryonic
mesoderm
Parietal layer

Body stalk
Secondary
yolk sac
Extraembryonic
cavity

Formation of trilaminar germ


Trilaminar germ disc
primitive streak, primitive groove

3rd week

primitive node, primitive pit

3rd week

1. Endoderm: primitive groove hypoblast


endoderm
2. Mesoderm primitive groove between
epiblast and hypoblat mesoderm
3. Ectoderm epiblast ectoderm

Primitive
streak
Hypoblast

Epiblast
Primitive streak

Hypoblast

Epiblast

Significance of
primitive streak
Primitive node

Determine
Primitive pit
Primitive
groove
Primitive
streak

the

direction of the
embryo
notochord

Formation of endoderm

Epiblast
Primitive
streak

Endoderm
Hypoblast

Formation of mesoderm

Epiblast
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Trilaminar germ disc

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

proliferation

Epiblast

Head
Primitive pit process

Notochordal
tube

Neurenteric
canal

Significance of notochord ?

Notochord

No mesoderm
Buccopharyngeal
membrane

Cloacal
membrane

Differentiation of trilaminar germ and


formation of embryo
Differentiation of trilaminar germ
1.Differentiation of ectoderm
Neural tube blastema of CNS
neural plate (18th-19th day)
Neuro-epithelium (neural ectoderm): pseudostratified columnar

neural groove , neural fold


neural tube (closed at 22nd day)

Neural groove
Paraxial mesoderm

Intermediate mesoderm

Neural groove
Paraxial mesoderm

intermediate mesoderm

Neural groove

Neural crest

Notocord

1 Differentiation of ectoderm

Anterior neuropore closed at 25th


Neural fold
Neural tube

closed at 22nd day, from 4th somite

Posterior neuropore closed at 27th

Unclosed Anterior neuropore

Unclosed Posterior neuropore

Neural crest blastema of PNS


chromaffin cell, parafollicular cell

some of bone, cartilage and


muscle of head
Superficial ectoderm: after formation of neural tube
epidermis

2.Differentiation of mesoderm
Paraxial mesoderm somite

17th day
at 20th day, from the head

Dermotome dermis, hypodermis


Myotome skeletal muscle,
Sclerotome axial skeleton.

Intermediate mesoderm urinary and


reproductive system
Lateral mesoderm parietal mesoderm
viseral mesoderm
intraembryonic coelomic cavity

Somite

Differentiation of lateral mesoderm

Dermatome
Sclerotome
Parietal mesoderm
Intraembryonic
coelomic cavit
Visceral mesoderm

Differentiation of lateral mesoderm


Intraembryonic coelomic cavity

Extraembryonic coelomic cavity

3. Differentiation of endoderm
Epithelium of primitive gut
epithelium of digestive tract, digestive gland,
respiratory tract and lung
Primitive pharynx 5 pairs of pharyngeal pouch

Formation of primitive gut

Parietal mesoderm
Intraembryonic coelomic cavity

Visceral mesoderm

Formation of embryonic body (4-8th week)


20-30th day
Disc folds
Column
the number of somite increase
face development, formation of branchial pouch
breach of buccopharyngeal membrane

5th week: upper and lower limb buds


6th week: hand and foot plates
7th week: formation of face, disappear of somite
8th week: breach of cloacal membrane

At the end of 8th week

a small
human

Fetal membrane and placenta


Fetal membrane

Chorion
Amnion
Yolk sac
Allantois
Umbilical cord

Amnion

Yolk sac
Umbilical
cord
Placenta

1.Chorion
Secondary stem villus +chorinic plate

Primary stem villus 2nd week


Outer syncytiotrophoblast+
Inner cytotrophoblast
Chorinic plate : extraembryonic mesoderm +
trophoblast

Secondary stem villus 3rd week


Outer syncytiotrophoblast+
Intermedial extraembryonic mesoderm+
Inner cytotrophoblast

Tertiary stem villus end of 3rd week, Blood vessels


Anchoring villus, Free villus
cytotrophoblastic cell column
cytotrophoblastic shell

Primary stem villus at 2nd week cytotrophoblast


Secondary stem villus at 3rd week extraembryonic mesoderm
Tertiary stem villus at the end of 3rd week blood vessels

Stem villus

Free villus
Anchoring villus
Cytotrophoblastic column
Cytotrophoblastic shell

Evolvement of chorion
Chorion laeve adjacent to decidua capsularis
Chorion frondosum adjacent to decidua basalis

6th weeks

Chorion laeve

Chorion frondosum

Abnormility of chorion

Hydatidiform
Picture

Chorion carcinoma

Hydatidiform

Hydatidiform

Hydatidiform

Chorion carcinoma

Chorion carcinoma

Chorion carcinoma

2. Yolk sac 5th-6th week, atresia


Abnormality:
Meckels diverticulum
Umbilical fistula

Primitive blood cells


Primordial germ cells

3. Amnion
amniotic membrane: 0.2-0.5mm
amniotic epithelium + extraembryonic mesoderm

amniotic fluid: 500-1000ml


abnormality: 500 ml, oligohydramnios
2000 ml,
polyhydramnios

protection

4. Allantois degeneration
Abnormality:
Urachal fistula

2 pairs of blood vessel


1 umbilical vein
1 pair of umbilical artery

5. Umbilical cord 50 cm
(CT, umbilical vein umbilical artery,
degenerated yolk sac and allantois)
covered with amniotic membrane

Abnormality: 80 cm,
35 cm
connect fetus with placenta

Fetal membrane

Placenta
1.Placenta: Chorion frondosum + Decidua basalis
disk: 15-20cm
Sandwich: chorinic plate (fetus)
villi
basal plate (mother)
basal plate: decidua + cytotrophoblastic shell
placental septa cotyledon (incomplete)

Umbilical vein

Umbilical artery

Decidua bsalis

Placenta septa
Uterus vein

Spiral artery

2.Placental membrane
Structure between the blood of mother and fetus
Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast and its basal lamina
Connective tissue
Endothelium and its basal lamina

protection

Fetal membrane
Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast

Blood of
mother

Nutriment
Metabolic product

Basal lamina
Connective tissue

Basal lamina
Endothelium

3.Function
Substance exchange
O2, nutriment,

CO2, waste

Hormone
Human chorionic gonadotropin, HCG;
Human placental lactogen, HPL;
Human placental progesterone, HPP,
Human placental estrogen, HPE

Placenta
Function

Substance exchange
Capillary of fetus

Blood of mother

Nutriment
water salt others

water salt others

Metabolic waste
Placenta

Placenta
Function

Barrier
Capillary of fetus

Blood of mother
s
Most of
microorganism

No
way
Placenta barrier

Placenta
Function

Barrier
Capillary of fetus

Blood of mother
Most of drugs
Most of
microorganism

Some of
microorganism

Placenta barrier

Placenta
Function

Endocrine
Hormone

HCG
HCS

Function
Corpus luteum

Pregnancy
Mammary
gland

Appearance

3rd week

Fastigium

8th week

2nd month

8th month

HPE

Corpus luteum

4th month

8th month

HPP

Corpus luteum

4th month

8th month

Twins and multiple birth


1.Twins
monozygotic twins
dizygotic twins

2.Multiple

birth

monozygotic multiple birth


polyzygotic multiple birth
mixed multiple birth

Dizygotic twins

Blastocyst
2 Amnion
2 Chorion
2 Placenta

Blastocyst
2 Amnion
2 Chorion
2 Placenta

Monozygotic twins
separation of blastomere, of ICM,
Blastocyst

2 ICM

2 Amnion
2 Chorion
2 Placenta

2 Amnion
1 Chorion
1 Placenta

of primitive streak
2 primitive streak
1 Amnion
1 Chorion
1 Placenta

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