Chapter1 Overview

Overview of
Special Education
Turnbull et al.
Exceptional Lives, 7e
2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
1-1
Learning Objectives
Explain key terms and concepts
Explore factors that have shaped
contemporary special education services
Analyze themes that characterize todays
special education
Describe the 11 disability categories
Turnbull et al.
Friend & Bursuck. Including

Students with Special Needs: A
Practical Guide for Classroom
Teachers, Seventh Edition.
1-2
2-1
KEY TERMS YOU MUST KNOW

EHA,
EHACA, IDEA, REHAB ACT

SECTION 504 & ADA
SWD
IEP
ZERO REJECT
FAPE
RELATED SERVICES
MEANINGFUL EDUCATIONAL BENEFIT
FULL FUNDING v. about 10%
BROWN, MILLS, PARC, ROWLEY,
DANIEL R R
RTI & PBIS
Turnbull et al.
1-3
Additional Provisions of IDEA

At least one eneral education teachers is on the IEP
team when a student is in a general education class
Students must be included in high stakes assessment
(2% exception)
Parent participation throughout the process
Placement justification when a student is not in
general education
Discipline considerations (manifest determination)
Transition services
Attention to disproportionate representation
Turnbull et al.

1-4
1-4
HISTORICAL CHANGES TO
WATCH FOR
EVOLVING
DEFINITION OF WHO GETS

A PUBLIC EDUCATION (or who is
worthy of societal investment)
EVOLVING DEFINITION OF WHAT AN
EDUCATION IS?
SOCIAL FORCES AFFECTING
EDUCATION CHANGE OVER TIME
CONCEPTUALIZE HOW THE ROLE OF
LAW AFFECTS HOW WE DO OUR JOB
TODAY
Turnbull et al.
1-5
KEY DATES IN THE 1600S

1627
1647
Pilgrims land in MA
MA law all towns w/ 50 or more
must hire a teacher; those w/ 100 +
must have Latin Grammar School
(ministers teach here)
1650 1700 New England states set
aside land for pauper and rate
schools ($$$ but they set aside nonfarming land)
1680 VA outlaws Blacks gathering in
groups (20 lashes on the bare back)
1695 MD imposes a fine of 1,000 lbs
of tobacco for anyone trying to
education a black person
Turnbull et al.
1-6
KEY DATES IN THE 1700s

1700
50% of boys attend a primary

school outside the home, what about
women?
1750 Ben Franklin proposes object
learning (i.e., hands on) and that
school should be delightful
1775-89 Revolutionary War (schools
close but we begin to see the need for an
educated citizenry if we want to win
wars)
1779 Jefferson writes about the idea of
elementary and secondary schools which
leads to the rise of the Social Control
Movement (who does NOT support Jefferson)
Turnbull et al.
1-7
1800s
Early
1800s Calvinists bring in

harsh discipline to the schools (child
is innately evil spoil the rod, idle
hands, dunce cap) and lots of rote
memory & busy work
1810 87% of males work on farms,
today < 3%. US Steel was the number one
employer in 1980, now Wal-Mart is
1821 Boston opens up the first high
school for commoners, first use of a
MCT and entrance exams
1860 40 high schools/1880 800/1900
6,005
2009 -
Turnbull et al.
24,426 high schools

1-8
1800s continued
1826
First high school for women

opens (Boston), called a dame school
and is hugely successful but closes
after 1 year
1827 MA pass a law for 9-month school
year (so boys can work on the farm)
1827 MA mandates free public high
schools in communities of 500 or more
(80:1 ratio, discipline is rigid along
w/ rote memory, reciting, and all the
seats are uniform)
Turnbull et al.
1-9
1800s Continued
1830
Monitorial Instruction or the

Lancaster Method is the most common
method of teaching (older students
supervise 200 + students at a time, sit
in raised seats, constant reciting of
passages, lots of time learning to
read, very cheap)
1830 Horace Mann reading is stifling
to kids, they should enjoy reading and
argues to reduce role of religion
1834 Supreme Ct. holds that it is a
state right to provide education, not
the feds
Turnbull et al.
1-10
1800s even more

1834
SC passes a state law making it

illegal to educate a black person (fine
and prison time). The town of Pendleton
has a local law until 2009
1840 - 5% of
populations goes to college
(today 60%)
1847 Mann argues that public education
is the Great Equalizer and the chance
for all to escape the chains of poverty
1848 MA mandates funds for a residential
school for swd
1850 all northern states have public
commoner high schools; spotty in the South
as private high schools are the norm
Turnbull et al.
1-11
1800s more
1852
MA passes the first compulsory

attendance law for all school age kids
1862 Morrill act establishes vocational
programs at state public colleges (will change
what a college education is)
1863 Emancipation Proclamation
(few could
read)
1864-68: Civil War puts everything else on hold
1868 Free Acts are passed including the 14 th
Amendment
1870 compulsory attendance laws start being
passed (mainly in North), SC passes them in
1940
Turnbull et al.
1-12
1890
1800s
Major study of crime in Chicago

suggests out of school youth are the main
source and public schools will be asked to
be an inexpensive form of policing
(basis for the Social Control Movement)
1892 1917 Plessy enters the rail station
in New Orleans
Sits in the white section (he is Creole) on
purpose
Supreme Ct. (1896) 14th Amendment not meant to
apply to established customs and reasonable
practices , so as long as separation of races
is fine if it is reasonably equal
Turnbull et al.
1-13
1892: COMMITTEE OF TEN
Turnbull et al.
1-14
14
Black School in 1950
Turnbull et al.
1-15
White School in 1950
Turnbull et al.
1-16
WHY DO WE NEED SPECIAL

EDUCATION?
Turnbull et al.
1-17
17
HOW IS THIS RELEVANT?
Turnbull et al.
1-18
18
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
WE
SPEND $260 BILLION PER YEAR ON

DISABILITY SUBSIDES (more than
food stamps + welfare)
How many are former special education
students? How many are adult
employees?
Less than 1% of all folks on
disability subsidies ever get off them
Lawyers actively recruit people for
disability subsidies, when kids turn
18 they need to requalify
Turnbull et al.
1-19
19
Background to EHA (1975)
Passed Congress unanimously

NO single person testified against it, only Ford has
reservations (promises too much and feds will never
fully fund it)
Pressure from the courts (PARC and Mills) that
something has to be done for these poor, pitiful
kids
Parents PAY for their childs education (1.75 million
getting no education and 2.2 million in non-public
settings)
Uneven quality of services across and within states
(in the North most states have permissive
legislation, not in South)
Compelling testimony by advocates
8 million swd, MOST not getting ANY education

Most of them sitting at home watching tv (REPORTEDLY)
Need for this law so swd can be productive members of

society (productive = taxpayers)
Promises full federal funding of the difference
Turnbull et al.
Implementing
regulations come
1-20 out in 1977
2013 Pearson
Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
PROMISES, PROMISES, .
Turnbull et al.
1-21
21
KEY LEGAL CASES

PA Assoc for Retarded Children v.
Commonwealth of PA (1972)
Board of Ed of Hendrick School District v.
Rowley (1982)
Larry P. v. Wilson Riles (1986) - IQ tests
Daniel R.R. v. State Bd of Ed (1989) Oberti
v. Clementon S.D. (1993) Doe v. Withers
(1993) LRE
Turnbull et al.
1-22
22
WHAT IS APPROPRIATE?
Turnbull et al.
1-23
23
ROWLEY
Initial
Supreme Court Ruling on
FAPE
What does the A word mean?
Cadillac v. Chevy analogy
Split decision favoring the Chevy
model
This is where lawyers continue to
have an impact (defining that A
word)
Read the Rowley personal narrative
Turnbull et al.
1-24
24
Values to Guide YOUR WORK

HIGH
Expectations (high expectations and college ready for as many as

possible)
Target
helping them to become productive adults (tax payers JUST like

women during WWII)
Building
on Strengths (helping student identify and understand talents

and limitations)
Becoming
Self-Determined (taking on an active role in their life v.

fostering dependency)
Expanding
workers)
Preparing
Relationships with peers (who are their future bosses, co-
all students for Full Citizenship (e.g., voting, recreation, leisure)
Turnbull et al.
1-25
Who Are the SWD?

Approximately
6.5 million students ages 6 21

(just over 13% of all school age and 15% when
you include ADD)
Another
346,258 students ages 18-21 receive

special education services in select states
Must
have a label or sticker (11 different

ones to choose from) PLUS
Must
have demonstrated need for a special

education along with a label
Turnbull et al.
1-26
Profile of Special Education

Approximately
67% males
Approximately
1.8% to 18 % of students
are in the gifted and talented category in
different states - Overall, 6.7 % of the
school population
Females
outnumber males in gifted and

talented category (2 to 1 ratio)
Turnbull et al.
1-27
11 Official Labels or
Stickers
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Deaf-blindness
Deafness
Hearing impairment
Intellectual disability* (Rosas Law signed by
Obama in 2010)
Multiple disabilities
Orthopedic impairment
Other health impairment
Emotional disturbance (was serious ED before
1997) and is BEH in our state
Specific learning disability (was LD before 2004)
Speech and language impairment
Traumatic brain injury
Visual impairment, including blindness
Talented and Gifted is OPTIONAL AND #12
Turnbull et al.
1-28
Cross-Categorical Approach:
High-Incidence Disabilities
Accounts
for about 80% of all students

with disabilities:
Specific Learning Disabilities
Speech or language impairments
Mild intellectual disabilities
Emotional disturbance
May grow to include Attention deficit
disorder and Autism spectrum disorder
Some are pushing for a new label
involving executive functions
YOU WILL ALWAYS HAVE THEM IN YOUR CLASSES
Turnbull et al.

1-29
1-29
Cross-Categorical Approach:
Low-Incidence Disabilities
Moderate to severe intellectual disabilities

Multiple disabilities
Hearing impairment
Visual impairment
Orthopedic impairment
Other health impairments
Deaf-blindness
Autism spectrum disorder
Traumatic brain injury
Developmental delays
YOU WILL HAVE THEM AT YOUR SCHOOL BUT ONLY
OCCASSIONALLY IN YOUR CLASSES
Turnbull et al.

1-30
1-30
Other Students with Special Needs
Students who are gifted or talented

Students protected by Section 504
Students who are at risk
English Language Learners
Turnbull et al.

1-31
1-31
Students 6 to 21: 2008-2009

Categories of Disabilities (Figure 1.2)
Turnbull et al.
1-32
Introduction to IDEA
IDEA (originally
called Education of All

Handicapped Students Act or PL 94-142)
was first enacted in 1975
Original
intent: Open schools to all

students with disabilities and ensure they
had a chance to benefit from a special
education and become PRODUCTIVE
TAXPAYERS
Turnbull et al.
1-33
Special Education and Students

Eligibility
Eligibility
is based on having a label and

need for services
Special
education services are provided

wherever there are students with disabilities
Classrooms
Students homes
Hospitals and institutions
Other settings
Charter Schools*
Home Schools**
On-line***
Turnbull et al.
1-34
Related Services (if deemed necessary

to benefit from ones special education)
Assistive
Technology
Audiology
Counseling
Early
Recreation
services
identification
Family
training, counseling, and

home visits
Health
Psychological
services
Medical
services
Occupational therapy
Orientation and mobility services
Parent counseling and training
Physical therapy
Turnbull et al.
recreation
and therapeutic
Rehabilitative
School
counseling services
health services
Service
Social
services
coordination services
work services in schools
Speech
pathology and speechlanguage pathology

Transportation
Vision
1-35
and related costs
Services
Individuals with Disabilities Education

Act: Six Principles
Zero reject
Nondiscriminatory
Appropriate
Least
evaluation
education
restrictive environment (LRE)
Procedural
Parental
Turnbull et al.
due process
and student participation

1-36
Zero Reject
Ensures
all children and youth (3 - 21), no

matter how severe their disabilities, will have
an appropriate education provided at public
expense
Excludes
Turnbull et al.
students in vegetative states
1-37
Discipline A major area of

mythology and lawsuits
Equal
treatment
Cessation
Unique
of services
circumstances
Short-term
removals are okay
Manifestation
determination
Services
in interim alternative educational

setting (something is better than nothing)
Weapons,
Turnbull et al.
drugs, and injury

1-38
Nondiscriminatory Evaluation: Two

Purposes
Does
the student have a disability?
What
kind of special education and

related services does the student
require?
Turnbull et al.
1-39
Appropriate Education: THE IEP

Individualized
disability
education for each student with a
Developed
collaboratively by the same people involved

in the evaluation (you should be in on this for any
students you have)
Outcome
oriented (include goals/objectives)
Provide
the foundation for the students appropriate

education ROWLEY STANDARD
GAMEPLAN
Turnbull et al.
FOR SUCESS
1-40
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)

Education
with peers who do not have disabilities
IDEA favors
the natural environment so as to

provide an equal opportunity
The
rule: A presumption of inclusion
Access
to the general education curriculum when

appropriate (if you seek to exclude a student from
your class you better have evidence to back you up)
Setting
aside the presumption, there is a continuum

of services
Extends
to extracurricular and nonacademic

programs
Turnbull et al.
1-41
Procedural Due Process

Makes
schools and parents accountable to each

other (two way street)
Resolution
session
Mediation
Not required by IDEA but strongly encouraged and used in
most states
Due
process hearing
Similar to a regular courtroom trial

Conducted before an impartial hearing officer
Parents and schools are entitled to have lawyers present
Turnbull et al.
1-42
Parent and Student Participation

Parents
are members of teams
Parents
receive notification before schools can

change their childs education
Parents
have the right to use dispute-resolution

techniques
Parents
have access to school records

concerning student
At
age of majority IDEA rights transfer to the

student if they are competent
Turnbull et al.
1-43
Federal Funding of the Individuals with

Disabilities Education Act: IT IS A BRIBE
Congress
grants federal money to state and local

educational agencies
The
federal money is NOT sufficient to provide all

services (about 11% TO 12 % of total cost)
States
and local school districts must provide their

own funds
Special
education services are expensive (roughly

twice that of a general education student)
Turnbull et al.
1-44
Key Themes: Prevention of the

Need for Special Education
Use of Response to Intervention (RTI)

Use of Positive Behavior Supports (PBS)
Use of Multi-tiered System of Support (MTSS)
Elimination of Disproportionate Representation
Use of Research or Evidence Based Practices
Turnbull et al.

1-45
1-45
Evidence-Based Practice
Interventions, strategies, techniques, policies,
and programs grounded in research
High quality studies used to determine
effectiveness
Close the gap between research and practice
Eliminate use of practices not supported by
research
Turnbull et al.

1-46
1-46
Special Education Results

Family
Satisfaction (plus monitoring of complaints)
Full
participation (extent of involvement in general

education)
Independent
Economic
Paying
living outcomes
self-sufficiency
for YOUR retirement
Measured
by:
High school completion rates
Post school employment rates
Overall satisfaction with life
1-47
Turnbull et al.
FACTS TO PONDER
NC
SPENT 7.5 BILLION ON PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN

2012/2103 (1.5 million students)
NC IS 46TH IN TERMS OF PER CAPITA SPENDING
ON PUBLIC EDUCATION
WE ARE 48TH IN TEACHER PAY (2013) AHEAD OF
MS AND WV, IN EARLY 2001 WE WERE 21ST
60,950 HOME SCHOOLERS (up 27% in two years)
95,678 STUDENTS IN PRIVATE SCHOOLING
49,000 IN CHARTER SCHOOLS
THE US SPENDS AN AVERAGE OF $11,300 PER
YEAR PER STUDENT
Turnbull et al.
1-48
48
FINALLY,
GOING
Turnbull et al.
WE ARE WE
1-49
49
THE
TESTING, TESTING,
TESTING ..
AVG. NUMBER OF DAYS AN 8TH GRADER

SPENDS TAKING HIGH STAKES TESTING
TESTS IS 4.22 DAYS (2.34% of
instructional time)
THE AVG. STUDENT TAKES 112.3 TESTS
DURING THEIR K 12 YEARS
ABOUT 1% OF ALL STUDENTS OPT OUT OF
TESTING
DISTRICTS GET SCORES BACK IN AN AVERAGE
OF FOUR MONTHS (inform instruction
question)
50
Turnbull et al.
1-50

Chapter1 Overview

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Chapter1 Overview

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Overview of

Friend & Bursuck. Including

KEY TERMS YOU MUST KNOW

EHACA, IDEA, REHAB ACT

Additional Provisions of IDEA

Friend & Bursuck. Including

DEFINITION OF WHO GETS

KEY DATES IN THE 1600S

KEY DATES IN THE 1700s

50% of boys attend a primary

1800s Calvinists bring in

24,426 high schools

First high school for women

Monitorial Instruction or the

1800s even more

SC passes a state law making it

MA passes the first compulsory

Major study of crime in Chicago

1892: COMMITTEE OF TEN

Black School in 1950

White School in 1950

WHY DO WE NEED SPECIAL

HOW IS THIS RELEVANT?

SPEND $260 BILLION PER YEAR ON

Background to EHA (1975)

Passed Congress unanimously

8 million swd, MOST not getting ANY education

Need for this law so swd can be productive members of

KEY LEGAL CASES

Supreme Court Ruling on

Values to Guide YOUR WORK

Expectations (high expectations and college ready for as many as

helping them to become productive adults (tax payers JUST like

on Strengths (helping student identify and understand talents

Self-Determined (taking on an active role in their life v.

Relationships with peers (who are their future bosses, co-

all students for Full Citizenship (e.g., voting, recreation, leisure)

Who Are the SWD?

6.5 million students ages 6 21

346,258 students ages 18-21 receive

have a label or sticker (11 different

have demonstrated need for a special

Profile of Special Education

outnumber males in gifted and

for about 80% of all students

Friend & Bursuck. Including

Moderate to severe intellectual disabilities

Friend & Bursuck. Including

Other Students with Special Needs

Students who are gifted or talented

Friend & Bursuck. Including

Students 6 to 21: 2008-2009

called Education of All

intent: Open schools to all

Special Education and Students

is based on having a label and

education services are provided

Related Services (if deemed necessary

training, counseling, and

work services in schools

pathology and speechlanguage pathology

and related costs

Individuals with Disabilities Education