Cell Membranes

Osmosis and Diffusion

Functions of Membranes

1. Protect cell
2. Control incoming and outgoing
substances
3. Maintain ion concentrations of various
substances
4. Selectively permeable - allows some
molecules in, others are kept out

Phospholipid Bilayer

Fluid Mosaic Model

Blood-Brain Barrier
Allows

some substances into

the brain, but screens out
toxins and bacteria
Substances allowed to cross
include:
water, CO2, Glucose, O2, Amino
Acids, Alcohol, and
antihistamines. HIV and bacterial
meningitis can cross the barrier .

Solutions

Solutions are made of solute and a

solvent

Solvent - the liquid into which the

solute is poured and dissolved. We
will use water as our solvent today.

Solute - substance that is dissolved

or put into the solvent. Salt and
sucrose are solutes.

Methods of Transport Across

Membranes
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated Diffusion
4. Active Transport

Methods of Transport Across

Membranes
1. Diffusion -passive transport - no
energy
expended
2. Osmosis - Passive transport of
water
across membrane
3. Facilitated Diffusion - Use of
proteins to
carry polar molecules or
ions across
4. Active Transport- requires energy to
transport
molecules against a
concentration
gradient energy
is in the form of
ATP

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area

of high concentration to an area of
low concentration.

Movement from one side of a

membrane to another, un-facilitated

Diffusion

Osmosis

Tonicity is a relative term

Hypotonic Solution - One solution
has a lower concentration of solute
than another.
Hypertonic Solution - one solution
has a higher concentration of solute
than another.
Isotonic Solution - both solutions
have same concentrations of solute.

Plant and Animal Cells put into

various solutions

Types of Transport

Todays Lab
We

are using dialysis tubing

as the cell membrane - It is
selectively permeable
The solute is either the eosin
starch solution or the sugar
solution
What is the solvent?

Membrane Permeability
Solute is eosin-starch-chloride solution
Solvent is Water
Indicator for presence of starch is IKI
Starch is made of amylose and
amylopectin amylopectin is insoluble
Iodine is not very soluble in water, but
with KI it forms a I3- (triiodine ion)
which is soluble.
I3- combines with the amylose and the
starch molecule turns blue-black.

Test for Starch

Elmhurst College Website

Test for Chloride ions

Indicator for presence of chloride ions

is silver nitrate, AgNO3
A white precipitate, AgCl, forms if chloride
is present.

Test for Sulfate ions

Indicator for the presence of sulfate

ions is Barium chloride, BaCl
Barium sulfate, BaSO4 - forms a white
precipitate
BaCl + NaSO4 ----> BaSO4 + NaCl

Living Cells
Beet cubes will be used to see the
result of boiling and adding alcohol to
a live membrane.
Yeast cells are used to see effects of
heat
Fern gametophytes are used to see
result of putting live cells in solutions
of varying tonicity

Osmosis
We will make an osmometer to see
osmosis
Sugar solution in a dialysis tube is
used to simulate a cell membrane.
Various concentrations of solute may
be used around the room.

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