Cell Transport

Mechanism
Subtitle

How substances get across the

membrane

Cell Membrane and Cell Wall

ALL cells have a cell membrane
made of proteins and lipids
protein channel

Layer 1

Cell Membrane

Layer 2

lipid bilayer

protein pump

SOME cells have cell membranes and

cell walls ex: plants, fungi and bacteria

Cell
Membrane

Cell
Wall

Plant cells have a

cell wall made of
cellulose that
cellulose is fiber in
our diet

 Bacteria and fungi also

have cell walls, but
they do not contain
cellulose

Cell
membranes
and cell walls are
porous
allowing
water,
carbon
dioxide, oxygen and
nutrients to pass
through easily.

Function of the Cell Membrane:

Cell membrane separates the components of a cell from its
environmentsurrounds the cell
Gatekeeper of the cellregulates the flow of materials into
and out of cellselectively permeable
Cell membrane helps cells maintain homeostasisstable
internal balance

Cellular Transport
Passive Transport
Active Transport

Passive Transport
A process that does not require
energy to move molecules from a
HIGH to LOW concentration
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis

 Diffusion is the movement of small

particles
across
a
selectively
permeable membrane like the cell
membrane until equilibrium is reached.

outside of cell

inside of
cell

Diffusion
HIGH to LOW
concentration

Table 2. Factors Governing Diffusion Across Lipid Bilayers

Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of
water through a selectively
permeable membrane like the cell
membrane
Water diffuses across a membrane
from
an
area
of
high

Semi-permeable
membrane
is
permeable
to
water, but not to
sugar.

Hypertonic Solution
Hypertonic Solutions: contain a
high concentration of solute relative
to another solution (e.g. the cell's
cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a
hypertonic solution, the water diffuses
out of the cell, causing the cell to
shrivel.

Hypotonic Solution
Hypotonic Solutions: contain a low
concentration of solute relative to
another solution (e.g. the cell's
cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a
hypotonic solution, the water diffuses
into the cell, causing the cell to swell
and possibly explode.

Isotonic Solution
Isotonic Solutions: contain the
same concentration of solute as
another solution (e.g. the cell's
cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in
an isotonic solution, the water
diffuses into and out of the cell at
the same rate. The fluid that
surrounds the body cells is isotonic.

Facilitated Diffusion
Facilitated
Diffusion
is
the
movement of larger molecules like
glucose through the cell membrane
larger molecules must be helped

Proteins in the cell membrane form channels

for large molecules to pass through
Proteins that form channels (pores) are called
protein channels
outside of cell

inside of cell

Glucose molecules

Channel proteins
facilitate
diffusion
by
forming
hydrophilic transmembrane channels

Kinds of Channel
Proteins
Ion channels
Porins
Aquaporins

Ion Channels
transmembrane proteins that allow rapid
passage of specific ions (remarkably
selective)
most ion channels are gated (opened
and closed by conformational changes in
the protein regulating the flow of ions
thru the channel)

Porins
transmembrane proteins that allow
rapid passage of various solutes
larger & much less specific
pore allows passage of various
hydrophilic
solutes
with
size
depending on the pore size of the
particular porin.

Aquaporins
transmembrane that
passage of water

allow

rapid

Active Transport
Active Transport
Active transport is the movement of
molecules
from
LOW
to
HIGH
concentration.
Energy is required as molecules must be
pumped
against the concentration
gradient.

Proteins that work as pumps are called

protein pumps.
outside of cell

inside of cell

Carbon Dioxide
molecules

Types (based on energy

source)
Direct active transport
Indirect active transport

Direct Active Transport

also called primary active transport
accumulation of solute molecules or ions on
one side of the membrane coupled directly to
an exergonic reaction particularly hydrolysis of
ATP.
transport proteins driven directly by ATP
hydrolysis are called ATPases or ATPase pumps.

Indirect Active Transport

also called secondary active transport
depends on the cotransport of two
solutes with the movement of 1 solute
down
its
gradient
driving
the
movement of the other solute up its
gradient.

Functions
It makes possible the uptake of
essential
nutrients
from
the
environment or surrounding fluid,
even when the concentrations in the
environment are much lower than
inside the cell.

 It
allows
various
substances
(secretory products and waste
materials) to be removed from the
cell or organelle, even when the
concentration outside is lesser than
the inside

 It enables the cell to maintain

constant,
nonequilibrium
intracellular
concentrations
of
specific inorganic ions such as
potassium, sodium and calcium ions.

 Ex: Body cells must pump carbon

dioxide out into the surrounding
blood vessels to be carried to the
lungs for exhale. Blood vessels are
high in carbon dioxide compared to
the cells, so energy is required to
move the carbon dioxide across the
cell membrane from LOW to HIGH
concentration.

Other Transport
Mechanisms
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

Endocytosis
Endocytosis process of ingesting
macromolecules and nutrients that
are too large to pass through
membrane

Phagocytosis
"cell eating,"
the cell engulfs
debris, bacteria, or
other sizable
objects

Pinocytosis
"cell
drinking,"
the cell engulfs
extracellular fluid,
including
molecules
such
as sugars and
proteins.

Ex: White Blood Cells, which are part

of the immune system, surround
and engulf bacteria by endocytosis

Exocytosis
Exocytosis process by which
materials are released from the
inside of the cell
Release toxins and waste products