LAPD(Link access channel

protocol for D-Channel):It

is a D-Channel protocol which GSM has

adopted.
It

provides the basics of signalling on the

Abis interface.
The

format of LAPD is defined by ITU.

LAPD Frame:It has address field, a control

field, a checksum, and a flag field
at both ends of the message.
LAPD messages in the OSI
Reference
Model belong to Layer 2 .
It is separated into 3 three
groups , according to there
particular use .

TYPES:

There are 2 types of LAPD frame

formatLAPD module 8.
LAPD module 128.

Difference between LAPD

module 8 and LAPD module
128:Supervisory

frames in the 8-bit version

(modulo 8) are three octets long, while the
ones with 16-bit-long control field (modulo
128) are four octets long.
In an 8-bit-wide control field, the range for
N(S) and N(R) is always between 0 and 7,
while the 16-bit control field allows for values
of N(S) and N(R) between 0 and 127. Hence,
the two methods are referred to as LAPD
modulo 8 and LAPD modulo 128, respectively.

Cont...
The

control field of LAPD Module

128 is 16 bit long while that of
LAPD Module 8 is 8 bit long.

FRAME FORMAT OF LAPD

MODULE 128:-

Parameters of an LAPD
Message:Flag:Every LAPD frame starts and
ends with a flag. The flag consists
of a 0-bit followed
by six consecutive 1-bits and
ends with a 0-bit, that is,
01111110.This sequence is used
as an indicator of the beginning
and end of a frame.

Cont....
Frame Check Sequence:The 16-bit long frame check sequence
(FCS) is used for error detection . A
checksum is calculated, using the data
between the start flag and the FCS. The
result is sent in the FCS field. The same
operation is performed at the receivers
end, and the values of the respective FCSs
are compared. The receiver will request a
retransmission in the event that the
calculated FCS does not match the one
received.

ADDRESS FIELD:The

address field of LAPD

consists of following partsSAPI(Service Access Point
Identifier).
TEI(Terminal Endpoint
identifier).
C/R(Command/Response).
EA(Extension Address field).

Service Access Point

Identifier:The

SAPI is a 6-bit field and defines the

type of user to which a message is
addressed.
SAPI is used, for instance, to determine
whether a message is for O&M or if it is
part of the call setup.GSM uses three
different values for SAPI on the Abisinterface. SAPI 0 is for Radio
signalling , SAPI 62 is for O&M
management and SAPI 63 is for Layer
2 management.

Terminal Endpoint Identifier:It

tells where is the exact TRX

and is use to distinguish between
various TRXs.

It

is also use to trace files.

EA(Extension Bit):The

address field contains one

EA-bit per octet. The EA-bit of the
first octet is set permanently to 0,
which indicates that the following
octet is also part of the address
field. The EA-bit of the second
octet is set to 1, which indicates
that it is the last octet of the
address field.

Command/Response
Bit(C/R):The

command/response (C/R) bit

determines whether a message contains
command, an answer, or an
acknowledgment of a command.
An LAPD connection always contains a
network side(BSC) and a user side(BTS).
When the network side sends a command,
then C = 1. The users side responds with
an answer where the value of R equals 1. If
a command from the users side contains a
zero value for C then the response from the
network will be R = 0.

CONTROL FIELD:It is separated into three groups,

according to their particular use.

The information-frame (Iframe) group-It is the information

frame use to transfer L3 information.

The supervisory frame groupIt consists of the receive-ready (RR)

frame , the receive-not-ready (RNR)
frame, and the reject (REJ) frame.

Cont...
The

unnumbered frame groupThis group comprises the setasynchronous- balance-modeextended (SABME) frame, the
disconnected- mode (DM) frame,
the UI frame, the disconnect (DISC)
frame, the unnumberedacknowledgment (UA) frame, the
framereject (FRMR) frame, and the
exchange-identification (XID) frame.

Polling Bit (P-Bit), Final Bit

(F-bit), and P/F-Bit:For

frame types that can be used only

as commands, the corresponding bit
is the P-bit. In frames that can be
used only as responses, the
corresponding bit is the F-bit.
The P-bit informs the receiver of a
command message that the sender
expects an answer, even if the
message type normally would not
require an acknowledgment.

Send Sequence Number and

Receive Sequence Number:The

N(S) and the N(R) serve the

purpose of acknowledging the
transfer and the receipt of I
frames.

Function of the counter N(S)

and N(R):-

Tasks of Various Frame

Types:I

Frame The I frame is used to transfer

Layer 3 information. It is always a
command, irrespective of its direction. The
error-free reception of this frame has to be
acknowledged by the recipient with an RR
frame.
Otherwise, an RNR frame or an REJ
frame(due to FCS) is sent, because the
frame could not be processed due to some
error or overload condition and thereby
request retransmission of the I frame. I
frames contain both an N(S) and an N(R).

UNNUMBERED Frame:SABME

frames are sent when

no Layer 2 connection has been
established . This frame is send
when I frame is REJECTED.

DM

frame indicates that the

sender will immediately tear
down the Layer 2 connection
without waiting for an
acknowledgment from the

Cont...
The

DISC frame is used to take

a Layer 2 connection out of
service and an acknowledgement
is expected.

UA

Frame The UA frame is used

to answer a SABME frame or a
DISC frame. It acknowledges a
Layer 2 connection being brought
into service as well as one taken

Cont...
FRMR

Frame The FRMR frame

indicates that a received
message was garbled, wrong, or
unexpected (protocol error). That
is different from the REJ frame,
which indicates to the peer entity
that I frames have to be repeated
starting at N(R).

Cont....
XID

Frame The XID frame

(Figure 6.22) is used to
synchronize the various
transmission parameters
between the user and the
network.