Bridge and Tunnel

TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING II
07/25/16
5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING
5.0 Introduction to
BRIDGE
and
TUNNEL
ENGINEERING
07/25/16
Course Outlines
Bridge Engineering
5.4 Types of Road and

Railway Tunnels
5.5 Component Parts of
Tunnel and Tunnel Crosssection
5.6 Survey for Tunnel
Alignment
5.7 Drainage, Lightening
and Ventilation
Requirements for Tunnel
5.8 Introduction of
Tunneling in Firm Soil,
Soft Soil and Rock
5.9 Tunnel Lining
3
5.1 Choice of Bridge

Location Site
5.2 Classification of
Bridges and
Component Parts of
a Bridge
5.3 Introduction to
River Bank and
Protection Structure
07/25/16
Tunnel Engineering
Bridge
Enginee
ring
07/25/16
What is Bridge ?
A Bridge is a Structure
Providing Passage Over an
Obstacle without Closing
the Way Beneath.
The Required Passage

may be for a Road, a
Railway, Pedestrians,
a Canal or a Pipeline.
The Obstacle to be
Crossed may be a
River,
a
Road,
a
Railway,
Body
of
Water or a Valley.
07/25/16
Functions of A Bridge
A Bridge has to Carry a Service (which may
be Highway or Railway Traffic, a Footpath,
Public Utilities, etc.) Over an Obstacle
(which may be Another Road or Railway, a
River, a Valley, etc.)
07/25/16
Characteristics of an Ideal
Bridge
Axis of the bridge and the direction of river flow should
be perpendicular to each other as far as possible.
Line of the bridge should not present any serious
deviation from the line of the approach roads at either
end.
Adequate width for the present as well as for the
anticipated future traffic.
Firm foundations
to a sufficient depth to avoid
damage by floods.
Provide head-room for clearance above the HFL.
Provide for services of sewerage, water, telephone,
etc.
Similar road surface for the roadway approaching the
bridge on either ends and over the bridge.
Economical both in cost and maintenance.
07/25/16
5.1 Choice of Location of

Bridge Site
A Straight Reach of the River
Steady River Flow without serious cross
currents
A Narrow Channel with well-defined firm
banks
Minimum Width and Right Angle Crossing
Suitable High and Stable Banks above HFL on
each side
Rock or Other Hard Non-erodible Strata close
to the river bed level
Absence of Sharp Curves in the Approaches
Absence of Expensive River Training Works
07/25/16
8
Availability of Constructional
Materials
5.2 Classification of Bridges

and
Component Parts of a
Bridge
07/25/16
5.2.1 Classification of
Bridges
1. According to Functions
Aqueduct (Canal Over a River)

Viaduct (Road or Railway Over a Valley)
Pedestrian Bridges
Highway Bridges
Railway Bridges
Pipeline Bridges
07/25/16
10
Aqueduct
Pont du Gard Aqueduct, France
07/25/16
Viaduct
Jardin Botanico,
Portugal
11
Viaducts
07/25/16
12
Pedestrian Bridges
Mahadevbeshi Bridge
Gaoling Bridge, China
07/25/16
13
07/25/16
14
Highway Bridges
Karnali Bridge, Cable-stayed, Nepal
(Made by Japan, 500 mLong)
07/25/16
Piluwa Khola Truss Bridge,

Sankhuwashava, Nepal
15
Railway Bridges
Kawhatau, Japan
07/25/16
16
Pipeline Bridges
07/25/16
17
Materials of
Construction of
Superstructure
2. According to the
Timber Bridges
Masonry Bridges
Iron Bridges
Steel Bridges
R.C.C. Bridges
Pre stressed Concrete Bridges
Composite Bridges or
Aluminum Bridges
07/25/16
18
Timber Bridges
07/25/16
19
Masonry Bridges
07/25/16
20
Iron Bridges
Worlds First Iron Bridge
07/25/16
21
Steel Bridge
07/25/16
22
RCC Bridge: Mahatma

Gandhi Setu, Patana
07/25/16
23
San Diego Colorado Prestressed Bridge, California
07/25/16
24
Pre-stressed Concrete
Bridge, India
07/25/16
25
Bangalore Grade Separator
07/25/16
26
Aluminum Bridges
07/25/16
27
Composite Bridges
Composite Bridge, Nigeria
07/25/16
28
Form or Type
of Superstructure
3. According to the
Slab Bridges
Beam Bridges
Truss Bridges
Arch Bridges
Cable-stayed Bridges
Suspension Bridges
Suspended Bridges
07/25/16
29
Slab Bridge
07/25/16
30
RCC Slab Bridge
07/25/16
31
Beam Bridge
07/25/16
32
Truss Bridges
Over Truss Steel Bridge
07/25/16
33
Arch Bridges
Brick Arch Type
07/25/16
34
07/25/16
35
Ping Ding Bridge, Taipei,

China
07/25/16
36
Cable-Stayed Bridges
07/25/16
37
Cable-stayed Bridge, China
07/25/16
38
07/25/16
39
Suspension Bridges
Tallest Suspension
Bridge in Nepal
Over Modi River, Kusma
07/25/16
40
Suspension Across San Francisco Bay
07/25/16
41
4. According to the Inner-Span

Relations
Simple Bridges
Continuous Bridges or
Cantilever Bridges
07/25/16
42
General Span Types
07/25/16
43
Simple Bridge
Cadem T-Beam Bridge
07/25/16
44
Continuous Bridges
07/25/16
45
07/25/16
46
Cantilever Bridges
07/25/16
47
5. According to the Position of
Bridge Floor
Relative to the
Superstructure
Deck Bridges
Through Bridges
Half-through Bridges
07/25/16
48
Deck Bridges
Swanport Bridge, Austrila
07/25/16
49
Through Bridges
Saltashrab Royal Albert BridgeGrammene Vicrendeel Bri
07/25/16
50
Semi-Through Bridges
07/25/16
51
Suspended Bridges
Mugling Bridge, Nepal
07/25/16
52
6. According to the Method of
Connections of the Different

Parts of the Superstructure,
particularly to the steel
construction
Pin-connected Bridges
Riveted Bridges
Welded Bridges
07/25/16
53
Pin-Connected Bridges
07/25/16
54
Riveted Bridges
07/25/16
55
Welded Bridge
07/25/16
56
7. According to the Road Level
Relative to the H.F.L. of the

River below particularly to for a
Highway Bridge
High Level Bridges
Submersible Bridges or Causeways
07/25/16
57
High Level Bridges
07/25/16
58
Submersible
Bridges/Causeways
07/25/16
59
8. According to the Method of

Clearance for Navigation
High-level Bridges
Movable-Bascule Bridges
Movable-Swing Bridges
Transporter Bridges
07/25/16
60
High- level Bridges
07/25/16
61
Movable Bridges
Movable Curl
07/25/16
Movable Draw
62
Movable Bridges
Movable Fold
07/25/16
Movable Lift
63
Movable Bridges
Movable Swing
07/25/16
Movable Table
64
Movable Bridges
Movable Thrust
07/25/16
65
Transporter Bridge
07/25/16
66
Classification of Bridges
9. According to the Length of
bridge (NRS 2045)
07/25/16
67
10. According to the Degree of
Redundancy
Determinate Bridges
Indeterminate Bridges
07/25/16
68
Determinate Bridge
Indeterminate Bridge
07/25/16
69
11. According to the Anticipated
Type of Service and Duration

of Use
Permanent Bridges
Temporary Bridges
Military (Pontoon, Bailey) Bridge
07/25/16
70
Bailey Bridge
Bridge of Boats/ Pontoon
07/25/16
71
12. According to the Alignment of
the Bridge
Straight Bridges
Skew Bridges
Curved Bridges
07/25/16
72
Skew Bridges
07/25/16
73
Curved Bridges
07/25/16
74
Curved Geometry of Lothar Khola Bridge, E/W Highway
07/25/16
75
07/25/16
76
07/25/16
77
Proposed Interchange at Balkhu
07/25/16
78
Highway Interchange, Houston, Texas
07/25/16
79
07/25/16
80
Main Parts of a Bridge

Structure
Substructure
Superstructure
07/25/16
81
07/25/16
82
07/25/16
83
8.2.2 Component Parts of a

Bridge
Substructure Components
Superstructure Components
Components Below the

Components Above the
Level of the Bearings
Level of Bearings and
and Consists ofConsists of Abutments, Wing
Bearings for the
Walls and Piers
Decking
Foundations for the
Decking Consisting
Abutments and Piers
of a Slab, Girders,
River Training and
Trusses, etc.
River Bank Protection
Hand Rails,
works Like
Parapets, etc.
Revetment for Slopes
at Abutments and
Superstructure system
Aprons at Bed Level
of members carry the
Approaches to the
roadway over a
Bridge to Connect the
crossing and transfer
Bridge to the Roads
load to a substructure.
on Either Side 5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING
07/25/16
84
Types of Wall Abutments
07/25/16
85
Wing Walls
Wing Wall
07/25/16
86
Abutment and Wing Wall
07/25/16
Piers
87
Basic Types of Bridge Piers
07/25/16
88
Piers
07/25/16
89
Bearings
Connection
between the
substructure and
the superstructure
is usually made
through bearings.
07/25/16
90
Typical Single Span Bridge
07/25/16
91
Typical Beam/Girder Bridge
07/25/16
92
Factors Affecting the

Selection of Type of Bridge
Volume and the Nature of the Traffic

Nature of the River and its Bed Soil
Availability of Materials and Funds
Time-limit, within which the Bridge is
required to be completed
Physical Features of the Site
Availability of Workers
Whether Navigation is done in the River or
not
Facilities Available during Construction
07/25/16
93
Economic Span Length of the Bridge

Level of H.F.L. and Clearance Requirements
Climatic Conditions
Strategic Conditions
Hydraulic Data Available
Foundation Condition
Length of the Bridge
Width of the Bridge
Live Loads on the Bridge
Appearance
07/25/16
94
5.3 Introduction to River

Bank and Protection
Structure
When the banks of a river about to erode or
fail, should take immediate measure to
protect the banks.
In Alluvial Rivers, the water flows in large
width and has the tendency to erode side
banks and submerge side areas.
At such places some special types of works
are known as River Training Works.
07/25/16
95
Types of River Training

Works/ River Bank
Protection Structures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
07/25/16
Guide Bunds
Spurs / Groynes
Cut-offs
Pitching of Banks
Revetment
Riprap
96
Guide Bunds
Necessity:
Guide bunds are meant to confine and guide
the river flow through the structure without
causing damage to it and its approaches.
They also prevent the out flanking of the

structure.
07/25/16
97
Types of Guide Bunds

Can either be divergent upstream or parallel.
According to geometrical shape, the guide bunds
may be straight or elliptical.
07/25/16
98
Spurs /Groynes
When the river starts erosion of bank and
changing of its course, the spurs or spurs
are constructed to deflect the current away
from the bank.
Spurs are the structures built transverse to
the river flow extending from the river bank.
If spurs are built in series, the bank can be
completely protected.
A spur is a structure constructed transverse
to the river flow and is projected form the
bank into the river.
07/25/16
99
Types of Spurs /Groynes

1) Either "Permeable " or "Impermeable".
Permeable Spurs - useful when concentration
of suspended sediment load is heavy; they allow
water to pass through.
Impermeable Spurs - made of solid core,
constructed of stones or earth and stones
with exposed faces protected by pitching.
These spurs can with stand severe attack
better than permeable spurs.
07/25/16
100
07/25/16
101
2) Spurs may be classified as

(a) Repelling (Deflecting)
(b) Attracting and
(c) Neutral (Sedimenting).
Repelling (Deflecting) Spurs are those which incline
upstream at an angle of 60 degree to 70 degree to the

river course and deflect the current towards the
opposite bank. They cause silting in still water on the
upstream pocket.
Attracting Spurs incline downstream and make the
deep channel flow continuously along their noses. They
cause scour just on the downstream side of the head
due to turbulence. The river flow is attracted towards
the spur.
Normal (Holding or Sedimenting) Spurs are those
which are built at right angles to the bank to keep the
stream in a particular position and promote silting
between the spurs. They have practically no effect on
the diversion of the current and are mostly used for
training of rivers for navigational purposes.
07/25/16
102
3) Spurs are also classified as

Full Height Spurs and
Part Height Spurs.
Where top level is higher than HFL, it is
called a full height spur.
iv) Spurs are also constructed extending into
the stream with a "T" head or hockey stick
shaped head, properly armoured to hold the
river at a distance.
A series of such spurs/groynes correctly
positioned can hold the river at a position
away from the point intended to be protected.
The edge of the "T" head should be curved
somewhat in the manner of a guide bund to
avoid swirls.
07/25/16
103
Cut- Offs
Sometimes when very heavy meandering
develops near bridges and there is a danger
of its encroaching too heavily into the still
water area or otherwise dangerously
approaching the railway embankment, it
becomes necessary to dig a cut-off channel
which will ultimately develop and help in
the diversion of water through it.
07/25/16
104
07/25/16
105
07/25/16
106
07/25/16
107

Bridge and Tunnel

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Bridge and Tunnel

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

TRANSPORTATION

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.4 Types of Road and

5.1 Choice of Bridge

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

The Required Passage

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 Choice of Location of

5.2 Classification of Bridges

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

Aqueduct (Canal Over a River)

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

Gaoling Bridge, China

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

Piluwa Khola Truss Bridge,

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

RCC Bridge: Mahatma

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

San Diego Colorado Prestressed Bridge, California

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

Bangalore Grade Separator

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

RCC Slab Bridge

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

Ping Ding Bridge, Taipei,

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

Cable-stayed Bridge, China

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

Suspension Across San Francisco Bay

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

4. According to the Inner-Span

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

General Span Types

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5.1 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

5. According to the Position of