CHAPTER 6

6.1: Types of Nutrition

6.2: Balanced Diet
6.3: Malnutrition
6.4:Digestion Process
6.5:Process of Absorption & Assimilation

6.6: Formation of Faeces & Defecation

6.7: Good Eating Habits
6.8:Importance of a Healthy Digestive System
6.9: Importance of Macronutrient & Micronutrient
in Plant
6.10: Photosynthesis
6.11:Mechanism of Photosynthesis
6.12: The Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
6.13:Technology used in Food Production
6.14: Food Processing Technology

6.1 Types Of Nutrition

AUTOTROPHS

HETEROTRO
PHS

6.2
Def: consist of
classes of food Carbohydrates, Lipids,
Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Roughage and Water.
6 factors affecting daily E requirement
PREGNANC
Y&
LACTATION
OCCUPATI
ON
SEX

AGE
SIZE OR BODY
WEIGHT
CLIMATE

P L Puan Lela
AG Ambil Getah
O Oren pakai
S Sanggul
S Silang yg
C Comel

VITAMINS
Fat-Soluble A, D, E , K
stored in body fat
Water-soluble B n C
cannot stored in the body
supplied in the daily diet

Sources, f(x) & effects

A

B6

B1

B2

Ascorbic
Acid

Folic
Acid

Lack of ???

Khagendra - Nepal

Symptoms of Deficiency
Vitamin / Mineral

Causes

D / Calcium /
Phosphorus

-Rickets
-Osteomalacia
-Osteoporosis

B6 / Magnesium

-Retarded growth

E / K / Iron

-Anaemia

B5 / Sodium
(Na)/chlorine (Cl) ~NaCl

-Muscle cramps
-Fatigue

B1 / Potassium

-Beri-beri
-Muscular weakness

Sulphur

-Symptoms of protein
deficiency

Fluorine

-Tooth decay

Iodine

-Goitre

Roughage or dietary fibre

6.3

Unbalanced diet causes..

Kwashiorkor
-Insufficient proteins
-Flaky skin, thin muscles, thin hair
-Sweeling of the body ~ retention of fluid in
tissues ~ stomach
-Stunted/retarded growth

Marasmus
-Occurs in children aged btw 9 & 12
-Drastic loss of body weight
-Effects : very thin + wrinkled skin

Excessive intake of..

CARBOHYDRA
TES

PROTEINS

- Cardiovascular -Increase URIC

disease
ACID content in
- High blood
blood
pressure
- Atherosclerosis
~ stroke & brain
haemorrhage
- D.M
- cancers

LIPIDS
-Cardiovascular
diseases
- Atherosclerosis
- heart attack
-Hypertension /
HBP

Excessive intake of
MINERALS

EFFECTS

- Na & Ca

- Kidney stones

- Fe (iron)

- Kidney damage

VITAMIN
S

EFFECTS

- Hair loss, vomiting, bone ache, joint

pain, liver & bone damage

B6

- Numb feet, poor coordination

B3

-Flushed face and hands

- Liver damage

- Gastrointestinal upset

-Calcification of soft tissues

-Kidney damage

- Liver damage & anaemia

6.4 FOOD DIGESTION

1. Digestion in the MOUTH

chewing
triggers
secrete
Starch + water

maltose
rolled into
enters

# epiglottis

(by peristalsis)

Digestion in mouth

Digestion in Stomach

- pH 1.5 2.0
- Stops the xtvt of amylase
- Kill bact. In food
Protein + water

Caseinogen + water

Polypeptides

Casein

Digestion in duodenum
Starch + water

Pancreatic amylase

Polypeptide + water
Lipid droplets + water

trypsin
lipase

maltose
peptides
glycerol + FA

Digestion in small intestine

Intestinal juice digestive enzymes

F(x) digest of peptides & dissaccharides
1) Protein digestion
erepsin
Peptides + water
amino acids
2) Carbohydrates digestion ( Ma La S )

Maltose + water
Sucrose + water
Lactose + water

maltase
sucrase
lactase

glucose
glu + fructose
glu + galactose

Digestive System of
Ruminants

1.
4

How its work??

1.RUME
- Largest
compartment
N
- Cellulose broken down by
cellulase (bact & protozoa)

-Reswallowed cud
3.OMASUM
-Large small

mouth
Lembu Makan

particles by
peristalsis
-Water is removed

4.
-True
stomach
ABOMASUM

- gastric juices protein &

other F

R Rumput
R Redah
O Onak dan
A Air Busuk

Small
intestine

2.RETICULU
- Further
M hydrolysis
- CUD its content
- Regurgitated bit by bit
- Soften & break down
cellulose

Rodents
Cellulose digested by
cellulase-producing
bact

Digestive System
-Faeces 1st
batch
- soft &
watery
-2nd batch
faeces drier &
harder

-Caecum & appendix

= enlarged to store
cellulase-producing
bact
- products pass thru
alimentary canal =
TWICE

Comparison of cellulose
digestion process in human,
ruminant
& rodent
Similarities
1)
2)

Differences
Aspect
Stomach chambers
Cellulase producing bact
Food passes thru
alimen. canal
Gastric juice is produced
at
Size of caecum
Undigested cellulose

Human

Ruminant

Rodent

Problems related to food

digestion
Incomplete
digestion

Lack of digestive
enzymes

Gallstones

6.5 Absorption & Assimilation

Illeum major site of

nutrient absorption

Villus
epithelium
epithelial cells
Capillary network

lacteal

Villi plural of villus

The Villi
1.
2.
3.
4.

Numerous in number
Thin-walled ( one-cell thick)
Network of blood capillaries
Lacteal special structures

Absorption of digested food

1) Glucose & Amino acids
-

from lumen into the epithelial cells by facilitated

diffusion
remaining nutrients by active transport
from epithelial cells absorbed into the
bloodstream thru the blood capillaries in the villi
converge into the hepartic portal vein
Then transported to all parts of the body

Lumen
(glu & a.a)

facilitated
diffusion

Epithelial
cells

blood
capillaries

all parts of the body

bloodstream

Hepartic portal vein

2) Water
Lumen

epithelial cells

blood capillaries

3) Water-soluble vitamins
Epithelial cells

blood capillaries

3) Fatty acids & glycerol

Epithelial cells (tiny droplets)

lacteals

lympatic system

Thoracic duct
Bloodstream

Subclavian
veins

Right lymphatic duct

ASSIMILATION
Definition
- the conversion of nutrient into the fluid or solid
substance of the body, by the processes of
digestion and absorption
- occurs in the LIVER and the CELLS

Assimilation in the LIVER

7 Functions of the LIVER

1) Regulation of blood glucose concentration

2) Production of bile
3) Protein synthesis
4) Iron storage
5) Deamination of amino acids
6) Detoxification
7) Heat production

Assimilation in the LIVER

converts
glucose
excess

DEAMINATION
urea
kidney

synthesis

Assimilation in the CELLS

AMINO ACIDS

GLUCOSE

new protoplasm
repair of damaged
tissues
Synthesis of hormones
& enzymes
Synthesis of ptns of
PM
AMINO
LIPIDS
ACIDS
Phospholipids &
cholesterol
fats stored in
adipose tissue
reserve E

release E during
cellular respiration
E for chem. process i.e
muscle contraction &
synthesis of ptns.
Excess = Glycogen in
muscles

Formation of Faeces
Contents of intestinal:
1) Mixture of water
2) Undigested food substances
3) Dead cells
4) Dead bacteria
5) Indigestible fibre (cellulose)
Colon
- large intestinal
- Reabsorbs almost 90% of water & minerals into the
bloodstream

 Contents of Faeces:
1) indigestible residue of food
2) dead cells shed from the intestinal lining & bile
pigments & toxic subtances eliminated from the
body
3) binds to the mucus that secreted by the colons
wall and lubricates the movement of faeces along
the colon

Defaecation
How its work??
- the elimination of faeces
- controlled by muscles around the anus, the opening
of the rectum
- When rectum is full, the muscles of the rectal wall
contract to eject the faeces via the anus

Colon

The process of defecation (thru anus)

Rectum

6.7 Evaluating Eating Habits

Obesity

Gastritis

Anorexia nervosa

Bad Eating
Habits

Bulimia

6.8 The Importance Of A

Healthy Digestive System

6.9 The Importance Of

Macronutrient & Micronutrient
in Plant

6.10 Photosynthesis
Leaf Structure and function

Cross section

1) CUTICLE