IC ENGINES

THERMO-DYNAMICS

PROF. A K MOUDGIL 1

THERMO-DYNAMICS

Thermodynamics is a funny subject.

The first time you go through it ,
you dont understand it at all.
The second time you go through it,
You think you understand it , except for one or two points.
The third time you go through it,
You know for sure you dont understand it,
But,by that time you are so used to it ,
it doest bother you any more..

So lets bash-on regardless and proceed with the course at

hand
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INTRODUCTION
TO
I.C. ENGINES

PROF. A K MOUDGIL

INTERNAL
COMBUSTION
ENGINES
DO WE REALLY NEED
THEM?

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IC ENGINES!
A BOON OR BANE?
Greatest invention since the wheel?
Made transportation easy!
Made life easy!

OR DID IT?
Increased pollution
Increased fossil fuel consumption
Increased congestion on roads

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BUT..
WHETHER WE LIKE IT OR NOT.

CAN WE DO WITHOUT IT?

DO WE HAVE VIABLE ALTERNATIVES?

THINK
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AS OF TODAY WE HAVE NO ANSWERS

MAY BE FOR AT LEAST 20 YEARS MORE!

SO WE ARE STUCK WITH IT!

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AND THUS WE HAVE TO STUDY

IT.!
so lets get on with the job at
hand !
TEACHING AND LEARNING

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PROF. A K MOUDGIL

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EME 505

I C ENGINES

Unit-1

Introduction to I.C Engines:

Engine classification, Air standard cycles, Otto, Diesel, Stirling,

Ericsson cycles, Actual cycle analysis, Two and four stroke

engines, SI and CI engines, Valve timing diagram, Rotary
engines, stratified charge engine. 5

Fuels:

Fuels for SI and CI engine , important qualities of SI engine fuels,

Rating of SI engine fuels,

Important qualities of CI engine fuels, Dopes, Additives, Gaseous

fuels, LPG, CNG, Biogas, Producer gas,

Alternative fuels for

3
PROF.IC
A Kengines.
MOUDGIL
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EME 505
I C ENGINES
Unit2
SI Engines:
Carburetion, Mixture requirements, Carburetor types Theory

of carburetor, MPFI. 3
Combustion in SI engine, Flame speed, Ignition delay,
Abnormal combustion and it's control,
combustion chamber design for SI engines. 2
Ignition system requirements, Magneto and battery ignition
systems, ignition timing and spark plug,
Electronic ignition. 2
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EME 505
I C ENGINES
Unit3
CI Engine:
Fuel injection in CI engines, Requirements, Types of

injection systems, Fuel pumps, Fuel injectors,

Injection timings.
4
Combustion in CI engines, Ignition delay, Knock and it's
control,Combustion chamber design of CI engines.
2
Scavenging in 2 Stroke engines, pollution and it's control.
2
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EME 505
I C ENGINES
Unit-4
Engine Cooling: Different cooling systems, Radiators and

cooling fans. 2
Lubrication: Engine friction, Lubrication principal, Type of
lubrication ,Lubrication oils, Crankcase
ventilation. 2

8
Supercharging: Effect of altitude on power output, Types of
supercharging. [2]
Testing and Performance: Performance parameters, Basic
measurements, Blow by measurement, Testing
of SI and CI engines.
4
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EME 505
I C ENGINES
Unit-5
Compressors:
Classification, Reciprocating compressors, Single and

multi stage, Intercooling, volumetric efficiency.

3
Rotary
compressors,
Classification,
Centrifugal
compressor, Elementary theory ,Vector diagram
efficiencies, Elementary analysis of axial compressors,
Surging and stalling, Roots blower, Waned compressor,
Performance analysis.
4
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EME 505
I C ENGINES

BOOKS:
Fundamentals of Internal Combustion Engine by Gill,

Smith,Ziurs, Oxford & IBH Publishing COIC

Engines, by Rogowsky, international Book Co.
A Course in International Combustion Engines, by Mathur &
Sharma, Dhanpat Rai & Sons.
Reciprocating and Rotary Compressors, by Chlumsky, SNTI
Publications Czechoslovakia .
I.C Engine Analysis & Practice by E.F Obert.
I.C Engine, by Ganeshan, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishers.
I.C Engine, by R. Yadav, Central Publishing House, Allahabad
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MAIN OBJECTIVES OF STUDYING

IC ENGINES
BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF PROCESSES

TAKING PLACE INSIDE THE ENGINE CYLINDER

TO PREDICT CHANGE IN POWER, FUEL

CONSUMPTION AND RELIABILITY OF ENGINE

TO PREDICT OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS

OF A NEW DESIGN FROM TEST RESULTS ON A

SIMILLAR ENGINE OF DIFFERENT SIZE

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Introduction to I.C. Engines

Engines
Engine is a device which transforms
one form of energy into another
Heat Engines:A heat engine is a device which
transforms the chemical energy of
a fuel into thermal energy and uses
this energy to produce mechanical
work.
Heat engines are classified as1) External Combustion Engines.
2) Internal Combustion Engines.
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External Combustion Engines.

The product of combustion of air and fuel,

transfer heat to a second fluid which is

the working fluid of the heat engine which
is called External combustion Engine
In External combustion Engines use of
cheaper fuels is possible but high initial
costs and maintenance loads are
disadvantages.

-- Steam Engine or Steam Turbine

Plant.
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Internal Combustion Engines.

The products of Combustion are directly
the working/motive fluid in the engine.
I.C.

Engines have greater mechanical

simplicity, lower first cost and lesser
requirement of water for dissipation of
energy through cooling system.

Petrol, Diesel or Gas Engines, Gas

turbines and even Jet Engines or Rockets

are internal combustion Engines.
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RECIPROCATING ENGINE AS AN OPEN SYSTEM

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ENERGY FLOW THROUGH A RECIPROCATING ENGINE

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IC ENGINES - ADVANTAGES
IC ENGINES HAVE FOLLOWING ADVANTAGES

- Low weight to power ratio

- Simplicity of design
- Smaller initial cost
- Higher efficiency
- Better fuel economy
- Simplicity of operation and control
- Flexibility to operate over a vide range of
load-speed
combinations
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HEAT ENGINES- CLASSIFICATION

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CLASSIFICATION OF
INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINES
VARIOUS TYPES OF ENGINES

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CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES
1. CYCLE OF OPERATION
TWO

STROKE,
FOUR STROKE
2. CYCLE OF COMBUSTION
OTTO CYCLE
DIESEL CYCLE
DUEL CYCLE
3. ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS
HORIZONTAL
VERTICAL
V-TYPE
RADIAL
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CYLINDERS

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CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES
4)

USAGE

STATIONARY
PORTABLE
MARINE
AUTOMOBILE
AERO

5) FUEL EMPLOYED

PETROL
DIESEL
GAS
KEROSENE
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CLASSIFICATION OF IC
ENGINES
6)

SPEED OF ENGINE
LOW
MEDIUM
HIGH

7)METHOD OF IGNITION
SPARK
COMPRESSION

8)METHOD OF COOLING OF CYLINDER

AIR

COOLED
WATER COOLED
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CLASSIFICATION OF IC
ENGINES
9) METHOD OF GOVERNING
QUALITY GOVERNED
QUANTITY GOVERNED

10) VALVE ARRANGEMENT

OVER HEAD VALVES
L-HEAD TYPE
T-HEAD TYPE
F-HEAD TYPE

11) NUMBER OF CYCLINDERS

SINGLE CYLINDER
MULTI CYLINDER
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APPLICATIONS
OF
IC ENGINES

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APPLICATIONS OF IC
ENGINES
ROAD VEHICALS (SCOOTERS, M-

CYCLES,CARS, BUSES )
AIR CRAFT
LOCOMOTIVES
CIVIL ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT(BULL DOZER, SCRAPPER, POWER SHOVELS)
PUMPING SETS
CINEMAS
HOSPITALS
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
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IC ENGINE
COMPONENTS

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Engine components :(1) Cylinder

(2) Cylinder Head
(3) Piston
(4) Piston rings
(5) Gudgeon Pin
(6) Valves
(7) Connecting rod (8) Crank &Crank
shaft
(9) Crankcase
(10) Engine bearings
(11) Fly wheel
(12) Governor
(13) Valve and valve operating
mechanism
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TERMS CONNECTED WITH IC

ENGINES
BORE
STROKE
TOP DEAD CENTRE
BOTTOM DEAD CENTRE
CLEARANCE VOLUME
SWEPT VOLUME
COMPRESSION RATIO
PISTON SPEED

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TWO STROKE SI ENGINE

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TWO STROKE CI ENGINE

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FOUR STROKE SI ENGINE

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IC ENGINE TERMINOLOGY- REVIEW

CYLINDER
PISTON, PISTON RINGS
COMBUSTION SPACE
INTAKE MANIFOLD
EXHAUST MANIFOLD
VALVES, TAPPETS
SPARK PLUG
BEARINGS
CONNECTING ROD
CRANK SHAFT
CRANK CASE
GUDGEON PIN
CAM & CAMSHAFT
CARBURATOR
BORE
PISTON AREA
STROKE
DEAD CENTRE (TDC,BDC)
SWEPT VOLUME
CLEARANCE VOLUME
COMPRESSION RATIO
COOLING FINS
FLY WHEEL

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Poppet Valve

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F. Fuel
1.Conventional: (a) Crude oil derived
(i) Petrol
(ii) Diesel
(b) Other sources:
(i) Coal
(ii) Wood (includes bio-mass)
(iii)Tar Sands
(iv)Shale
2. Alternate: (a) Petroleum derived
(i) CNG
(ii) LPG
(b) Bio-mass Derived
(i) Alcohols (methyl and ethyl)
(ii) Vegetable oils
(iii) Producer gas and biogas
(iv) Hydrogen
3. Blending
4. Dual fueling
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CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES
G. Mixture Preparation
1. Carburetion
2. Fuel Injection (i) Diesel
(ii) Gasoline
(a) Manifold
(b) Port
(c) Cylinder

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Gasoline Fuel Injection

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CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES
H. Ignition
1. Spark Ignition
(a) Conventional
(i) Battery
(ii) Magneto
(b) Other methods
2. Compression Ignition

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CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES
K. Method of Load Control
1. Throttling: (To keep mixture strength
constant) Also called Charge Control
Used in the Carbureted S.I. Engine
2. Fuel Control (To vary the mixture
strength according to load)
Used in the C.I. Engine
3. Combination
Used in the Fuel-injected S.I. Engine.
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CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES
L. Cooling
1. Direct Air-cooling
2. Indirect Air-cooling (Liquid Cooling)
3. Low Heat Rejection (Semi-adiabatic)

engine.

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