THIRD EDITION

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.

Chapter 23
Endocrine Control of Growth
and Metabolism
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by
Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

About this Chapter

How several key hormone pathways influence
metabolism
How cortisol is produced & regulated; how it
impacts many tissues
How thyroid hormones are regulated and their
effect on targets
The role of growth hormone in growth &
development
Calcium metabolism and its role in bones and cell
regulations
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Endocrine Control in Review

Hypothalamic pituitary: feedback loop & trophic

control
Hormones can have receptors on many diverse
tissues
Usually initiating protein change or synthesis in
target cells
Problems come from too much or too little
hormone

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Adrenal Cortex: Steroid Hormone Production

Aldosterone, sex hormones, cortisol

Synthesized from cholesterolsteroid ring

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Adrenal Cortex: Steroid Hormone Production

Figure 23-2: Synthesis pathways of steroid hormones

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cortisol Effects: Body Responses to Stress

Permissive effect on glucagon
Memory, learning & mood
Gluconeogenesis
Skeletal muscle breakdown
Lipolysis, calcium balance
Immune depression
Circadian rhythms

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Cortisol Effects: Body Responses to Stress

Figure 23-4: Circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion

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Control of Cortisol Secretion: Feedback Loops

External stimuli
Hypothalamic
Anterior Pituitary
Adrenal cortex
Tissues

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 23-3: The control pathway for cortisol

Cortiso: Role in Diseases and Medication

Use as immunosuppressant
Hyperimmune reactions (bee stings)
Serious side effects
Hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome)
Tumors (pituitary or adrenal)
Iatrogenic (physician caused)
Hypocortisolism (Addison's disease)

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Thyroid Gland: Hormones and Iodine Metabolism

C-cells calcitonin (covered later)
Follicule cells
Amine hormones:
thyroxine, T1, T2 & T3
growth
metabolism
Thermogenic
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Thyroid Gland: Hormones and Iodine Metabolism

Figure 23-7b: The thyroid gland

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Thyroxine and its precursors: Structure & Synthesis

Figure 23-8: Thyroid hormones are made from tyrosine and iodine

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Thyroxine and its precursors: Structure & Synthesis

Figure 23-9: Thyroid hormone synthesis

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

T3 & T4 Control Pathways & Diseases from

Malfunction
Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary
Thyroid
Hypothyroidism
Goiter (TSH )
Grave's disease

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T3 & T4 Control Pathways & Diseases from

Malfunction

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Figure 23-12: Thyroid hormone pathway

Growth Hormone (GH): Functions & Malfunctions

Polypeptide H from hypothalamus/anterior
pituitary
growth (with T4, sex Hs, paracrines)
metabolism
protein & bone synthesis
Regulation hypothalamus
Dwarfism
Acromegaly
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Growth Hormone (GH): Functions & Malfunctions

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 23-16: Growth hormone pathway

Bone Growth and Calcium Metabolism

Epiphyseal plate new bone growth site

Chondrocytes, osteoblasts & calcification build
bone

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Bone Growth and Calcium Metabolism

Figure 23-19: Bone growth at the epiphyseal plate

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Calcium Metabolism:

Maintain [plasma]: from diet, from bone

"storage", recycled
Key roles: muscle contraction, bone support, cell
signaling

PLAY

Animation: Fluids & Electrolytes: Electrolyte Homeostasis

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Calcium Metabolism:

Figure 23-20: Calciumbalanceinthebody

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Control of Calcium Balance & Metabolism

Parathyroid H
Calcitrol
Vitamin D
Sun/diet
Calcitonin
Thyroid
C-cells
(Phosphate balance)
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 23-23: Endocrine control of calcium balance

Osteoporosis:
Disease of Bone Growth & Calcium Metabolism
Bone reabsorption
exceeds deposition
Osteoclasts
mobilize Ca++ to
plasma
Factors:
inadequate Ca++
intake, genes,
hormones,
smoking
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 23-21: Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption

Summary
In addition to insulin and glucagon, metabolism
is influenced by hormones from adrenal, thyroid,
parathyroid and hypothalamus
Cortisol catabolic activities responding to stress
Growth H anabolic activities to promote growth
PTH, cacitrol, & calcitonin balance plasma [Ca++]
for bone synthesis, muscle contraction, & cell
signaling
Endocrine diseases result from pathway or
glandular hypo or hyper secretion
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings