MEE Design of Machine Elements

UNIT I
Stress Concentration

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MEE302: DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

Stress Concentration
The elementary equations are based on a
number of assumptions.
One of the assumptions is that there are no
discontinuities in the cross section of the
component.
In practice, discontinuities and abrupt changes
in cross section are unavoidable due to certain
features of the component such as oil holes
and grooves, keyways and splines, screw
threads and shoulders.

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MEE302: DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

Stress Concentration
A plate with a small circular hole subjected to
tensile stress is shown in Figure.

The distribution of stresses

near the hole can be
observed by using photoelasticity technique.

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MEE302: DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

Stress Concentration
Definition:
Stress concentration is defined as the localization of high
stresses due to the irregularities present in the component and
abrupt changes of the cross section.
In order to consider the effect of stress concentration and find out
localized stresses, a factor called stress concentration factor is
used. It is denoted by Kt, and defined as

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MEE302: DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

Causes of Stress Concentration

Variation in Properties of Materials
Internal cracks and flaws like blow holes
Cavities in welds
Air holes in steel components
Non-metallic or foreign inclusions
Load Application
Machine components are subjected to forces
These forces act either at point or over a small area
Since the area is small, the pressure at these points is
excessive
This results in stress concentration
Examples

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MEE302: DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

Causes of Stress Concentration

Abrupt Changes in Section
In order to mount gears, sprockets, pulleys and ball
bearings on transmission shaft, steps are cut on the shaft
and shoulders are provided from assembly considerations
Discontinuities in the Component
Certain features of machine components such as oil holes
or oil grooves, keyways and splines, and screw threads
result in discontinuities in the cross-section of the
component
Machining Scratches
Machining scratches, stamp mark or inspection mark are
surface irregularities, which cause stress concentration

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MEE302: DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

Determination of Kt
Mathematical

method

based

on

theory

of

elasticity
Experimental methods-Photo-Elasticity Technique

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MEE302: DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

Mathematical method based on theory of elasticity

It is possible for simple geometry only
Kt for a flat plate with elliptical hole subjected to tensile
force is given by

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MEE302: DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

Experimental methods

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MEE302: DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

Experimental methods

10

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MEE302: DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

Experimental methods

11

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12

Reduction of stress concentration

Additional Notches and Holes in Tension Member
Fillet Radius, Undercutting and Notch for Member

in Bending
Drilling Additional Holes for Shaft with keyway
Reduction of Stress Concentration in Threaded

Members

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13

Additional Notches and Holes in Tension Member

(a) Original Notch

(b) Multiple Notches
(c) Drilled Holes
(d) Removal of Undesired Materials

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Fillet Radius, Undercutting and Notch for Member in

Bending

Original Component

Undercutting

Fillet Radius

Addition of Notch

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MEE302: DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

Drilling Additional Holes for Shaft with keyway

15

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16

Reduction of Stress Concentration in Threaded

Members

Original Component

Reduction in Shank Diameter

Undercutting