Chapter 9 Campaigns and Elections

Chapter 9
Campaigns
and
Elections
Learning Outcomes
9-1 Explain how elections are held and how
the electoral college functions in
presidential elections.
9-2 Discuss how candidates are nominated.
9-3 Indicate what is involved in launching a
political campaign today, and describe
the structure and functions of a campaign
organization.
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning
9-2
Learning Outcomes
9-4 Describe how the Internet has
transformed political campaigns.
9-5 Summarize the current laws that regulate
campaign financing and the role of
money in modern political campaigns.
9-3
How We Elect Candidates
9-4

o
General election
Election held in even-numbered years
Held on Tuesday after first Monday in
November
Special election
Held at state or local level
Held when voters must decide an issue
before next general election or when
vacancies occur
9-5

o
Conducting Elections and Counting

the Votes
Australian ballot
9-6
Australian Ballot from an 1893 Iowa City municipal election (partial)
Australian Ballot from a 1916

Democratic primary in South
Carolina.
Webb County,
Texas 2012
ballot
Unopposed
Candidates
Webb County,
Texas
2012
Webb County,
Texas 2012 ballot
Local Proposition
for use of of 1
percent of existing
LEC (now LEA)
sales tax for a
baseball stadium
and enlarged
Laredo Sports
Venue Project
Elections
o
Our electoral system has

staggered terms for some offices,
meaning that not all offices are up
for election at the same time
All 435 Representatives are up
for election every two years
1/3 of Senators are up for
election at the same time
President every four years
Basic rotation of U.S. general elections

Year
Type
President
Senate
House
Gubernatorial
Other state
and local
officies
2012
Presidential
Yes
Class I
(33 seats)
All 435 seats
11 states
DE, IN, MO,
MT, NH, NC,
ND, UT, VT,
WA, WV
2013
Off-yeara
No
No
2 states
NJ, VA
2014
Midterm
No
Class II
(33 seats)
All 435 seats
36 states[2]
AL, AK, AZ,
AR, CA, CO,
CT, FL, GA,
HI, ID, IL, IA,
KS, ME, MD,
MA, MI, MN,
NE, NV, NH,
NM, NY, OH,
OK, OR, PA,
RI, SC, SD,
TN, TX, VT,
WI, WY
2015
Off-yearb
No
No
3 states
KY, LA, MS
2016
Presidential
Yes
Class III
(34 seats)
All 435 seats
11 states
DE, IN, MO,
MT, NH, NC,
ND, UT, VT,
WA, WV
Varies from state-to-state, county-to-county, city-to-city, community-tocommunity, etc.
113th House of Representatives 2013 - 2015
Senate Elections 2008
How We Nominate Presidential

Candidates
9-20
How We Nominate Candidates

Party Control Over Nominations
The Caucus System
1780s legislative caucus - earliest method
used;
o
congressmen and Senators in each
party met separately to nominate
candidates
1820s, mixed caucus
o
delegates from districts in which the
party had no elected legislators
The Death of King Caucus
9-21

Nominating Conventions
Official meeting of a political party to choose
its candidates
1830s and 1840s party conventions
delegates select the party standardbearers, debate/adopt a platform, and
built party spirit
Limits of the Convention System
1972
9-22

o
Primary Elections and the Loss of

Party Control
Direct and Indirect Primaries
The Role of the States
Primary Voters
Insurgent Candidates
9-23
The Nomination of Candidates

since Progressive Era 1890-1920
Closed Primary System
Only registered members of the
party are allowed to vote in the
primary
Open Primary System

Voters are allowed to participate in
the primary election without
declaring membership in a party
Mixed forms
Blanket and Top Two
primaries
Reforming the Nominating Process
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
How We Elect Presidents
9-26
Running For President

Stage 1: The Nomination
o
Nominating Presidential Candidates

Presidential Primaries
Caucuses
PrimariesThe Rush to Be First
The Impact of Front-Loading
o
o
In 2008
In 2012
The 2012 Republican Primaries

o
o
Republican presidential debates

Anybody but Romney
9-27

Stage 1: The Nomination
Republican presidential candidates: former Pennsylvania senator Rick Santorum,

former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney, former House Speaker Newt Gingrich, and
Representative Ron Paul, R-Texas, take the stage before the start of one of
numerous Republican presidential candidate debates.
9-28

Stage 2: The National Party Convention
National Party Convention
A national meeting of delegates elected in
primaries, caucuses, or state conventions
who assemble once every four years to
nominate candidates for president and vice
president, ratify the party platform, elect
officers, and adopt rules
The Vice Presidential Nominee

Presidential candidates
usually submit their choice
for vice president in the
run-up to the partys
national convention

Stage 3: The General Election
- Debates
- TV and Radio
Advertising
How We Elect Presidents

Constitution - Article II 1787 adopted 1788
used for first four elections
12th Amendment supersedes it.
o
o
The number of electors is equal to the number

of U. S. representatives and U.S. Senators
(Ex: Texas has 36 representatives and 2
senators 36 + 2 = 38 electors)
No U.S. representative or U. S. Senator or
federal official may be an elector
2012 Electoral College Map
State Electoral Votes in 2012
9-34
The Electoral College
Each state determines how its electors are selected.

Parties choose presidential electors at their
primaries, caucuses or conventions
o
Ex: Texas parties choose electors at statewide conventions

in June
State laws give the candidate who wins a plurality

of the popular vote that states total electoral votes
o
General Election in November
Two exceptions - Maine and Nebraska
The Electoral
College
o
The electors meet in

their respective state
capitals
The first Monday after the
second Wednesday in
December and cast their
ballots for president and vice
president respectively
http://www.c-spanvideo.org/progra
m/184766-1

Texas Certificate of Vote
http://www.cspanvideo.org/program/1613671Texas%20Electoral%20College
%202000
Arizona
Certificate of
Vote
http://www.cspanvideo.org/vi
deoLibrary/searc
h-results.php?
keywords=Electo
ral+College
Arizona
Electoral College
2008

The certificates are then forwarded to the
Capital
Results are read in January in the House by

the President of the Senate in the presence of
the Senate and House of Representatives
http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/283204-2
Majority of nationwide electoral votes or 270

out of 538 wins
Electoral College
If no candidate gets a majority for

president, the house chooses among
the top three candidate, with each state
delegation having one vote
A candidate must get the votes of 26 state

delegations to win
If no candidate gets a majority for vicepresident, the Senate chooses among

the top two candidates, with each
senator casting one vote
A candidate must get 51 senators votes to win
Why do we have 538 electoral votes?

o
435 electors (because we have 435

representatives number has remained this since
1920 election) +
100 electors (because we have 100 senators
number has remained the same since 1960
election) +
3 electors (since the 23rd Amendment ratified in
1961 gives the District of Columbia a number of
electors equal to the whole number of Senators
and Representatives in Congress to which the
District would be entitled to if it were a state)
435+100+3 = 538 (Number has not changed since 1964
election)
2012 Presidential Election Results
Washington
Maine
Montana
North Dakota
Oregon
Idaho
Minnesota
Vermont
Wisconsin
South Dakota
Wyoming
Nevada
Michigan
Illinois
Ohio
Kansas
rni
lifo
Ca
Missouri
New Mexico
Kentucky
Tennessee
Arkansas
Oklahoma
Alabama
Alaska
Pennsylvania
Indiana
Colorado
Arizona
New York
Iowa
Nebraska
Utah
New Hamp.
West Virg
Mass..
Rhode
Island
Connecticut
New Jersey
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
North
Carolina
South
Car.
Georgia
Mississippi
Texas
Ha
wa
ii
Louisiana
Florida
Presidential Candidate
Vice Presidential Candidate Political Party Popular Vote
Electoral
Vote
Barack H. Obama
Joseph R. Biden, Jr.
Democratic
64,622,479 50.86%
332 61.7%
Willard Mitt Romney
Paul Ryan
Republican
60,275,591 47.44%
206 38.3%
Maine: 1st Electoral College Exception to

statewide plurality of the popular vote rule
CD
Total Vote
Margin
%Margin
Obama
Romney
Other
Obama
Romney
Other
District 1
335,461
72,563
21.63%
59.57%
37.94%
2.47%
199,860
127,297
8,304
District 2
377,719
36,467
9.65%
53.33%
43.67%
3.00%
201,446
164,979
11,294
Total
703,828
109,030
15.49%
57.01%
41.52%
1.45%
401,306
292,276
10,246
Nebraska: 2nd Electoral College Exception

to statewide plurality of the popular vote rule
CD
Total Vote
Margin
%Margin
Romney
Obama
Other
Romney
Obama
Other
District 1
264,712
43,939
16.59%
57.42%
40.83%
1.74%
152,021
108,082
4,609
District 2
266,727
19,087
7.16%
52.85%
45.69%
1.44%
140,976
121,889
3,862
District 3
259,223
109,957
39.23%
70.23%
27.81%
1.94%
182,067
72,110
5,046
Battleground States
Copyright 2009 Pearson
Washington
Maine
Montana
North Dakota
Oregon
Idaho
Minnesota
Vermont
Wisconsin
South Dakota
Wyoming
New Hamp.
Michigan
Nevada
Iowa
Nebraska
Utah
Illinois
Ohio
Kansas
rni
lifo
Ca
Arizona
Missouri
New Mexico
Pennsylvania
Indiana
Colorado
Kentucky
Tennessee
Arkansas
Oklahoma
Alabama
Alaska
Mass..
New York
West Virg
Rhode
Island
Connecticut
New Jersey
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
North
Carolina
South
Car.
Georgia
Mississippi
Ha
wa
ii
Texas
Florida
Louisiana
Electoral
Vote
Presidential Candidate
Vice Presidential
Cand
Laredo
PoliticalParty
Barack H. Obama
Joseph R. Biden, Jr.
Democratic
69,499,303 52.87%
365
67.8%
John S. McCain, III
Sarah H. Palin
Republican
59,950,037 45.60%
173
30.13%
Ralph Nader
Matt Gonzalez
Independent 739,057
0.0%
Laredo
Popular Vote
0.56%

Congressional District
n
Co
s
gr e
sio
na
is
lD
tric
CD
Total Vote
Margin
%Margin
Obama
McCain
Other
Obama
McCain
Other
District 1
383,626
87,542
22.82%
60.51%
37.69%
1.79%
232,146
144,604
6,877
District 2
347,537
39,109
11.25%
54.60%
43.35%
2.04%
189,778
150,669
7,090
Total
731,163
126,650
17.96%
58.34%
40.38%
1.91%
421,923
295,273
13,967
Nebraska: 2nd Electoral College Exception

to statewide plurality of the popular vote rule
CD
Total Vote
Margin
%Margin
McCain
Obama
Other
McCain
Obama
Other
District 1
273,893
26,768
9.78%
54.10%
44.32%
1.57%
148,179
121,411
4,303
District 2
277,809
3,370
1.21%
48.75%
49.96%
1.28%
135,439
138,809
3,561
District 3
245,393
96,262
39.23%
69.01%
29.78%
1.19%
169,361
73,099
2,933
Omaha, NE
North Omaha-birth place of

Malcolm X
Council Bluffs, IA.

Omaha's poorer,
lesser known baby
brother
South Omaha" - Rich with a large Hispanic

population, thanks originally to the jobs the
meat packing plants offered in this area
Washington
Maine
Montana
North Dakota
Oregon
Idaho
Minnesota
Vermont
Wisconsin
South Dakota
New Hamp.
Wyoming
Nevada
Michigan
Iowa
Nebraska
Utah
Illinois
Ohio
Kansas
rni
lifo
Ca
Kentucky
Tennessee
Missouri
New Mexico
Pennsylvania
Indiana
Colorado
Arizona
Arkansas
Oklahoma
Alabama
Alaska
New York
Texas
Presidential
Candidate
Vice Presidential
Candidate
Political
Party
George W. Bush
Richard Cheney
Republican
Maryland
North
Carolina
South
Car.
Florida
Popular Vote
62,041,268
New Jersey
Virginia
Georgia
Louisiana
Rhode
Island
Connecticut
Delaware
West Virg
Mississippi
Ha
wa
ii
Mass..
50.73%
In Minnesota, one
Kerry Elector voted for
John Edwards
(President) and John
Edwards (Vice
President)
Electoral Vote
286
53.16%

n
Co
s
gr e
sio
na
is
lD
tric
CD
Total Vote
K B
Margin
%Margin
Kerry
Bush
Other
Kerry
Bush
Other
District 1
384,392
1 2
45,879
11.94%
55.07%
43.14%
1.79%
211,703
165,824
6,865
District 2
356,360
1 2
20,762
5.83%
51.95%
46.13%
1.92%
185,139
164,377
6,844
Nebraska: 2nd Electoral College Exception to statewide

plurality of the popular vote rule
Congressional
District
Congressional
District
CD
Total Vote
Margin
%Margin
Bush
Kerry
Other
Bush
Kerry
Other
District 1
270,089
73,574
27.24%
62.90%
35.66%
1.44%
169,888
96,314
3,887
District 2
254,360
55,183
21.69%
60.17%
38.47%
1.36%
153,041
97,858
3,461
District 3
253,664
129,729
51.14%
74.86%
23.71%
1.43%
189,885
60,156
3,623

peculiarities
Prior to the ratification of Amendment XII to the

Constitution in 1804, (1789-1800) each Elector cast
two votes for President (instead of one vote for
President and one vote for Vice President).
The candidate receiving the most votes became
President and the candidate receiving the second
most votes became Vice President.
If no candidate gets a majority of the electoral votes, the House

chooses among the top three candidates
Occurred in 1800 and 1824
Since 1804 the 12th Amendment requires electors to

vote separately for president and vice-president

Maine
Vermont
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
New York
Rhode
Island
Connecticut
Pennsylvania
New Jersey
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
Kentucky
Tennessee
North
Carolina
South
Car.
Georgia
Thomas Jefferson
Virginia
Dem.-Rep.
73
52.9%
Aaron Burr
New York
Dem.-Rep.
73
52.9%
John Adams
Massachusetts
Federalist
65
47.1%
Charles Pinckney
South Carolina
Federalist
64
46.4%
Tally of Electoral Votes for the 1800 Presidential Election,

February 11, 1801

In the House of Representatives
Maine
Vermont
With Burr and Jefferson having an

equal number of electoral votes, the
election was determined by a vote in
the House of Representatives (see
Article II, Section 1 for details).
Thomas Jefferson won the vote with
the support of 10 state delegations.
Aaron Burr became Vice President.
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode
Island
Connecticut
Pennsylvania
Maryland
Virginia
Kentucky
North
Carolina
Tennessee
Georgia
Political Party
New Jersey
Delaware
South
Car.
Presidential
Candidate
Massachusetts
State Delegations
Thomas Jefferson
Virginia
Dem.-Rep.
10
62.5%
Aaron Burr
New York
Dem.-Rep.
25%
1824 Presidential General Election Results
Maine
Vermont
Electors from the states of SC, GA, NY,

VT, DE, and LA were appointed by their
respective state legislatures (and not
elected in a popular vote).
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
New York
Rhode
Island
Connecticut
Illinois
Pennsylvania
Indiana
Delaware
Ohio
Missouri
Virginia
Kentucky
Maryland
North
Carolina
Tennessee
Mississippi
New Jersey
South
Car.
Alabama
Georgia
Louisiana
Presidential
Candidate
VicePresidential
Candidate
Political
Party
PopularVote
John Q. Adams
John Calhoun*
Democrat-Republican
113,122
30.92%
84
Andrew Jackson
John Calhoun*
Democrat-Republican
151,271
41.35%
99
William Crawford
Nathaniel Macon*
Democrat-Republican
40,856
11.17%
41
Henry Clay
Nathon Sanford*
Democrat-Republican
47,531
12.99%
37
ElectoralVote
1824 Presidential Election in the

House of Representatives Results
Maine
With no Presidential Candidate

receiving an electoral majority, the
election was determined by a vote in
the House of Representatives. John
Quincy Adams won the vote with the
support of 13 state delegations.
Vermont
New Hampshire
New York
Massachusetts
Rhode
Island
Connecticut
Illinois
Indiana
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Maryland
New Jersey
Delaware
Virginia
Missouri
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
North
Carolina
South
Car.
Georgia
Mississippi
Louisiana
Presidential
Candidate
VicePresidential
Candidate
Political
Party
State
Delegation
vote
PopularVote
ElectoralVote
John Q. Adams John Calhoun*
Democrat-Republican
13
113,122
30.92%
84
Andrew
Jackson
John Calhoun*
Democrat-Republican
151,271
41.35%
99
William
Crawford
Nathaniel Macon*
Democrat-Republican
40,856
11.17%
41

peculiarities
o
Makes it possible for a presidential

candidate to win the popular vote but lose
the electoral vote
Occurred in 1824, 1876, 1888, and 2000
Washington
Maine
Montana
North Dakota
Oregon
Minnesota
Vermont
Idaho
Wisconsin
South Dakota
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Wyoming
Michigan
Rhode
Island
Nevada
Connecticut
Iowa
Nebraska
Utah
Pennsylvania
Indiana
Illinois
Colorado
Ohio
Kansas
rni
lifo
Ca
Arizona
Kentucky
Tennessee
Missouri
New Mexico
Arkansas
Oklahoma
Alabama
New Jersey
Delaware
West Virg
Virginia
North
Carolina
South
Car.
Maryland
Georgia
Mississippi
Alaska
Presidential
Candidate
New York
Texas
Ha
wa
Laredo
VicePresidential
ii
Florida
Louisiana
Candidate
Political
Party
George W. Bush
Richard Cheney
Republican
50,460,110
47.87%
271
50.37%
Albert Gore Jr.
Joseph Lieberman
Democratic
51,003,926
48.38%
266
49.44%
Ralph Nader
Winona LaDuke
Green
2,883,105
2.73%
0.00%
PopularVote
ElectoralVote

Maine
Minnesota
Oregon
Vermont
Wisconsin
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Michigan
New York
Rhode
Island
Nevada
Connecticut
Iowa
Nebraska
Pennsylvania
Indiana
Illinois
Colorado
Delaware
Ohio
West Virg
Kansas
rni
lifo
Ca
Kentucky
Tennessee
Missouri
Arkansas
Alabama
New Jersey
Virginia
North
Carolina
South
Car.
Maryland
Georgia
Mississippi
Texas
Laredo
Florida
Louisiana
Presidential
Candidate
VicePresidential
Candidate
Political
Party
Benjamin Harrison
Levi Morton
Republican
5,443,892
47.82%
233
58.1%
Grover Cleveland
Allen Thurman
Democrat
5,534,488
48.62%
168
41.9%
Clinton Fisk
John Brooks
Prohibition
249,819
2.19%
0%
PopularVote
ElectoralVote

Maine
Minnesota
Oregon
Vermont
Wisconsin
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Michigan
New York
Rhode
Island
Nevada
Connecticut
Iowa
Nebraska
Illinois
Pennsylvania
Indiana
Colorado
Delaware
Ohio
West Virg
Kansas
rni
lifo
Ca
Kentucky
Tennessee
Missouri
Arkansas
Alabama
New Jersey
Virginia
North
Carolina
South
Car.
Maryland
Georgia
Mississippi
Laredo
Texas
Florida
Louisiana
Presidential
Candidate
VicePresidential
Candidate
Political
Party
Rutherford Hayes
William Wheeler
Republican
4,034,311
47.95%
185
50.1%
Samuel Tilden
Thomas Hendricks
Democrat
4,288,546
50.97%
184
49.9%
PopularVote
ElectoralVote
The Florida Case before the Electoral Commission (by Cornelia Adle
Strong Fassett)
The Modern Political Campaign
9-64

o
Responsibilities of the Campaign

Staff
Raise funds
Get media coverage
Produce and pay for political ads
Schedule the candidates time effectively
Convey the candidates position on the
issues
Opposition research
Turnout the vote
9-65
The Presidential Campaign:

Typical Campaign Organization
Copyright 2009 Pearson

o
The Professional Campaign

Organization
Professional political consultants manage

nearly all aspects of a presidential
candidates campaign.
Opposition Research
Republican Versus Republican
The Cain Takedown
Attempts to Define Mitt Romney
9-67
The Internet Campaign
9-68

o
Fund-Raising on the Internet
Internet fund-raising grew out of the

technique of direct mail campaigns.
o
E-mail messaging is cost-effective.
Obama took Internet fund-raising to a

new level in his 2008 campaign.
In 2012, Mitt Romney was less reliant on
the Internet than many other recent
candidates.
9-69

o
Targeting Supporters
Microtargeting
o
Collecting as much information as possible

about voters in a giant database and then
filtering out various groups for special
attention.
Pioneered by President Bushs chief political
advisor, Karl Rove, in 2004.
By 2008, microtargeting was employed by all
major candidates.
9-70

o
Support for Local Organizing

One of the earliest Internet techniques
was to use Meetup.com to organize realworld meetings.
Obamas Campaign
Use of Facebook, YouTube, and

My.BarackObama.com
Local Support Groups
9-71
What It Costs to Win
9-72

o
Presidential Spending
Spending in presidential campaigns is

increasing.
o
Independent expenditures by outside groups

have become as important as the spending
by the candidates themselves.
Super PACs are responsible for much of the
spending.
9-73

o
The Federal Election Campaign Act

Passed in 1971 to halt and prevent abuses
in the ways that political campaigns were
financed
In Buckley v. Valeo (1976), the Supreme Court
declared it unconstitutional to limit the
amount each individual could spend on his
or her own campaign.
9-74

PAC
The political arm of an interest group
that is legally entitled to raise funds
on a voluntary basis from members,
stockholders, or employees in order
to contribute funds to favored
candidates or political parties
PACs can contribute up to $5000 per
candidate in each election, but there
is no limit on the amount of PAC
contributions during an election cycle.
Soft Money
Money raised in unlimited amounts
by political parties for partybuilding purposes
Hard Money
Political contributions given to a
party, candidate, or interest group
that are limited in amount and fully
disclosed
Total PAC Contributions to Federal Candidates, 19752006 (in Millions)
How PACs and Others Allocated Campaign

Contributions to House Candidates, 2005-2006

o
Skirting the Campaign-Financing

Rules
Soft Money
o
The FECA and its amendments did not

prohibit individuals or corporations from
making contributions to political parties.
Soft moneycampaign contributions not
regulated by federal law
9-78

o
Skirting the Campaign-Financing

Rules (Contd.)
Independent Expenditures
o
Expenditures for activities that are not

coordinated with those of a candidate or
political party
Two Types:
Issue campaign
Issue-oriented group
9-79
The Bipartisan Campaign Reform

Act
of
2002
Banned soft money, regulated campaign

ads paid for by interest groups and
prohibited any issue advocacy
commercials within 30 days of a primary
election or 60 days of a general election.
Set the amount an individual can
contribute to a federal candidate at
$2,000 and the amount that an individual
can give to all federal candidates at
$95,000 over a two-year election cycle.
Individual contributions to state and local
parties cannot exceed $10,000 per year,
per individual.
Senators John McCain (R-Ariz) an

Russell Feingold (D-Wisc),
sponsors of the BCRA
9-80

Act of 2002 (Contd.)
Several groups filed lawsuits challenging the Act.
In December 2003, the Supreme Court upheld
nearly all clauses of the act in McConnell v.
Federal Election Commission.
In 2007, however, in Federal Election Commission
v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc., the Court held that
restricting all TV ads paid for by corporate or
union treasuries during a particular timeframe
amounted to censorship of political speech.
9-81

Act of 2002 (Contd.)
Citizens United v. Federal Election

Commission (FEC)
o
In January 2010, the Supreme Court ruled out bans

on ads that attack or praise specific candidates,
including ads that advise people for whom they
should vote in an election.
Speechnow v. FEC
o
Federal Court of Appeals held that it was not

possible to limit contributions to independentexpenditure groups based on the size or the source
of the contribution.
9-82

o
The Current Campaign-Finance

Environment
Super PACs
o
o
Independent-expenditure only committees

By 2011, every major presidential candidate
had one or more affiliated super PACs.
527 and 501C Committees

o
o
Named after provisions in the tax code

By 2012 527s were replaced almost completely
by super PACs.
IRS targeting conservative 527 and 501 C
groups in 2010, 2012 elections
9-83
The Twenty Top Groups Making Independent

Expenditures during the 2011-2012 Cycle
9-84
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Rick Hill
Richard "Rick" Hill (born December 30, 1946)
Hill was elected to Congress in 1996, defeating Bill Yellowtail,
and represented Montana's At-large congressional district
from January 3, 1997 until January 3, 2001.
Hill served on the U.S. House Committee on Natural
Resources
Due to health problems, Hill did not seek reelection.
In 2005, he spoke out in favor of John Glover Roberts, Jr.'s
nomination for Chief Justice of the United States with
other Montana Republicans.
2012 Rick ran for Governor of Montana and lost.
He lost to Democrat Steve Bullock.
He is married to his second wife, Betti.
He is currently a resident of Helena, Montana.
2012 Gubernatorial General Election Results - Montana
Gubernatorial
Candidate
Lt. Gubernatorial
PoliticalParty
Candidate
Popular Vote
Steve Bullock
John Walsh
Democratic
236,450
48.90%
Rick Hill
Jon Sonju
Republican
228,879
47.34%
18,160
3.76%
2014 Cengage LearningLibertarian

Ron VandevenderCopyright
Marc Mulcahy
9-86
Bill Yellowtail
o
o
o
Bill Yellowtail (b. January 8, 1948) is

from Wyola, Montana.
Yellowtail served in the Montana
Senate from 1985 to 1993
Since 2006 Yellowtail is a professor of
Native American studies at Montana
State University.
He has a wife, Margarette CarlsonYellowtail; and one child.
Jesse Jackson Jr.

Jesse Louis Jackson, Jr. (born March 11, 1965) was a member of the
House of
Representatives representing Illinois's 2nd Congressional
District, which includes a large part of Chicago's South Side and southeast suburbs.
Congressman Jackson served the 2nd District since winning a special
election on
December 12, 1995.
His wife, Sandi Jackson, serves on the Chicago City Council as Alderman of the
7th
Ward.
He resigned in December 2012.
Jackson pleaded guilty on February 20, 2013 to one count of wire and mail
fraud in
connection with his misuse of $750,000 of campaign funds. Sentencing is scheduled for
June 28, 2013. On June 7, 2013, federal
prosecutors indicated that they sought a 4
year prison sentence for Jackson, Jr
Year
Democrat
Pct
Republican
Votes
Pct
Other
Votes
Pct
2004[213]
Jesse Jackson,
207,535
Jr.
88.5%
None
NA
NA
Stephanie
Sailor (L)
26,990
11.5%
2006[214]
Jesse Jackson,
146,347
Jr.
84.8%
Robert Belin
20,395
11.8%
Anthony
Williams (L)
5,748
3.3%
2008[215]
Jesse Jackson,
242,250
Jr.
89.2%
Anthony W.
Williams
29,050
10.8%
2010[216]
Jesse Jackson,
150,666
Jr.
80.5%
Isaac C. Hayes 25,883
13.8%
Anthony W.
Williams (
Green)
10,564
5.6%
38,733
13.5%
2012**[217]
Jesse Jackson,
Votes
181,067
63.0%
Brian
25,883
23.5%
Marcus Lewis
Phil Graham
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
William Philip Gramm (born July 8, 1942, in Fort Benning,

Georgia, USA)
Democratic Congressman (19781983),
Republican Congressman (19831985)
Republican Senator from Texas (19852002).
Most recently, until July 18, 2008, he was a senior economic
adviser to John McCain's presidential campaign.
Gramm lives in Helotes, outside San Antonio, Texas.
He is married to Dr. Wendy Lee Gramm, a native of Hawaii,
who is associated with George Mason University's Mercatus
Center in Virginia.
They have two sons.
"We have sort of become a nation of whiners. You just hear
this constant whining, complaining about a loss of
competitiveness."
o
o
o
o
o
Victor Morales
Victor Morales was the first Hispanic nominee for U.S. Senate from
Texas. As a high school teacher in Mesquite, he earned $36,000 a
year. He spent only $900,000.
Mr. Morales drove 80,000 miles in his Nissan truck.
Mr. Morales grew up in Pleasanton, Texas and was the oldest of
several children. He used $10,000 of his own savings for his
campaign.
He now lives in Crandall.
Mr. Morales is Vietnam veteran.
He is currently City Councilman
of Crandall, Texas.
His term expires May, 2015.
1996 Senatorial General Election Results - Texas
Dallas
M 259,050 42.3%
G 281,797 51.5%
Travis
M 135,246 55.3%
G 104,570 42.8%
Harris
M 371,937 45.3%
G 439,895 53.6%
Bexar
M 183,426 50.9%
G 172,193 47.8%
Senatorial Candidate
Political
Party
Popular Vote
Phil Gramm
Republican
Victor M. Morales
Democratic
Michael Bird
Libertarian
Webb
M 18,206 74.2%
G 6,190 25.2%
3,027,680 54.78%
2,428,776 43.94%
51,516
0.93%
o
o
o
Victor Morales
Three of his famous mottos are:
"y por que no? (and why not?)
"If you have the desire, the heart, and the help of the people,
you can do anything".
Mr. Morales also says, "If you want to succeed, you have to
concentrate and try". He believes that it's very important to be a
reader. As a kid, he would go around in other people's houses
looking for books to read.
He taught in Texas public schools from 1977 and retired in 2005.
11/04/2008
TX State House 004
Lost 35.18% (27.44%)
03/04/2008
TX State House 004 - D

Primary
Won 100.00% (+100.00%)
03/07/2006
TX District 28 - D Primary
Lost 6.44% (-46.65%)
04/09/2002
TX US Senate - D Runoff
Lost 40.21% (-19.58%)
03/12/2002
TX US Senate - D Primary
Won 33.21% (+0.10%)
11/03/1998
TX District 5
Lost 43.44% (-12.33%)
03/10/1998
TX District 5 - D Primary
Won 69.21% (+38.41%)
11/05/1996
TX US Senate
Lost 43.94% (-10.84%)

Chapter 9 Campaigns and Elections

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Chapter 9

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Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning

How We Elect Candidates

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning

How We Elect Candidates

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning

How We Elect Candidates

Conducting Elections and Counting

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning

Australian Ballot from an 1893 Iowa City municipal election (partial)

Australian Ballot from a 1916

Our electoral system has

Basic rotation of U.S. general elections

Varies from state-to-state, county-to-county, city-to-city, community-tocommunity, etc.

113th House of Representatives 2013 - 2015

Senate Elections 2008

Senate Elections 2010

Senate Elections 2012

How We Nominate Presidential

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning

How We Nominate Candidates

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning

How We Nominate Candidates

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning

How We Nominate Candidates

Primary Elections and the Loss of

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning

The Nomination of Candidates

Open Primary System

Reforming the Nominating Process

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,

How We Elect Presidents

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning

Running For President

Nominating Presidential Candidates

The 2012 Republican Primaries

Republican presidential debates

Running For President

Republican presidential candidates: former Pennsylvania senator Rick Santorum,

Running For President

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,

The Vice Presidential Nominee

Running For President

How We Elect Presidents

The number of electors is equal to the number

2012 Electoral College Map

State Electoral Votes in 2012

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning

The Electoral College

Each state determines how its electors are selected.

Ex: Texas parties choose electors at statewide conventions

State laws give the candidate who wins a plurality

General Election in November

Two exceptions - Maine and Nebraska

The electors meet in

The Electoral College

The Electoral College

Results are read in January in the House by

Majority of nationwide electoral votes or 270

If no candidate gets a majority for

A candidate must get the votes of 26 state

If no candidate gets a majority for vicepresident, the Senate chooses among

A candidate must get 51 senators votes to win