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Section 22
ELEMENTS IN STEEL.
Basic Steel Weld Metallurgy.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon
(0.01 - 1.4%C). Plain Carbon Steels
Plain Carbon Steels come in three types;
Low Carbon Steels
0.01 - 0.3%C
Medium Carbon Steels
0.3 - 0.6%C
High Carbon Steels
0.6 - 1.4%C
Austenite
Austenite
Austenite
+
Cementite
Ferrite +
Austenite
Pearlite +
Ferrite
Cementite
+ Pearlite
Cast irons
Hypoeutectoi Hypereutectoid
World dCentre for Materials Joining
KEY POINTS.
Iron is Allotropic.
It can exist in two crystalline forms.
KEY POINTS.
At approximately 910C the crystal lattice changes from Body
Centred Cubic to Face Centred Cubic (FCC), a 14 atom structure
known as Austenite or Gamma iron.
KEY POINTS.
The Eutectoid Point contains
approximately 0.83% carbon.
Above 723C it will be a mixture of
Ferrite & Austenite.
Below 723C it is entirely Pearlite .
KEY POINTS.
HYPOEUTECTOID - Below 0.83%C.
Consists of Ferrite and Pearlite.
HYPEREUTECTOID - Above
0.83%C. Consists of Cementite &
Pearlite.
ALLOY STEELS.
Alloy steels contain iron and carbon plus
other alloying elements to give the steel
required mechanical & metallurgical
properties;
Low alloy steels:
Fe & C +Mn,Cr,Ni,Mo < 7% total
High alloy steels:
Fe & C + Mn,Cr,Ni,Mo> 7% total
ELEMENTS IN STEEL .
QUESTIONS ?
GRAIN STRUCTURES.
Grain structures in materials are
influenced by:
Elements in the material.
Temperature.
Cooling rate.
GRAIN STRUCTURES.
There are six grain structures that
the welding inspector needs to be
aware
of;
1. AUSTENITE.
2. FERRITE.
3. PEARLITE.
4. BAINITE.
5.
6. MARTENSITE.
CEMENTITE.
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GRAIN STRUCTURES.
AUSTENITE.
A solid solution of gamma iron &
carbon
existing above approximately 723C.
Temperature at which steels are fully
austenitic depends on the carbon
content.
0.1% Carbon - >910C.
0.8% Carbon - 730C.
Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd
GRAIN STRUCTURES.
FERRITE.
Primarily pure iron at room
temperature,
contains very little or no carbon.
Formed from the austenite region.
Ferrite is very soft and ductile with
very
low tensile strength, but has good
machining properties.
Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd
GRAIN STRUCTURES.
PEARLITE*
GRAIN STRUCTURES.
BAINITE
Forms from the austenite region when
the
cooling rate is too fast for pearlite to
form.
Harder and usually tougher than
pearlite.
Often forms in the HAZ of C-Mn steel
welds
Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd
GRAIN STRUCTURES.
MARTENSITE
GRAIN STRUCTURES.
CEMENTITE
The name given to the compound
of iron and carbon, Fe3C (ironcarbide).
A microstructural constituent
found as the normal form of
carbon occurring in many types of
steel.
Forms pearlite when interspersed
with ferrite
Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd
GRAIN STRUCURES.
CRITICAL COOLING RATE
The rate of cooling from the
austenite
region which determines the final
grain
structure.
SLOW COOLING
TO AMBIENT
Non magnetic
CARBON BECOMES
CEMENTITE (Iron Carbide Fe3)
Magnetic
PEARLITE
GRAIN STRUCTURES .
QUESTIONS ?
Maximum
Temperature
solid-liquid Boundary
grain growth zone
recrystallised zone
partially transformed zone
tempered zone
unaffected base
material
>1100C
900 -1100C
750 - 900C
< 750C
GRAIN STRUCTURES .
QUESTIONS ?