CH6 Electromagnetism A

Chapter 6
Electromagnet
Induction
ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Learning outcome:
Electromagnetic induction
Explain magnetic flux

Explain electromagnetic induction
Apply Faradays Law and Lenz Law
Induction
Define and calculate inductance of an inductor

Explain self-inductane
Explain mutual inductance
Calculate the energy stored in an inductor

Introduction
Michael Faraday is credited with the
discovery of electromagnetic induction on
August 29, 1831.
Faraday formulated that electromotive force
produced around a closed path is
proportional to the rate of change of the
magnetic flux through any surface bounded
by that path.
If he moved a magnet through a loop of wire,
an electric current flowed in that wire. The
current also flowed if the loop was moved
over a stationary magnet.
Changing magnetic field produces an
electric field.

Induced current
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGTZPTnZBFE

Induced current
1.
2.
3.
4.
The current induced is due to

the relative motion between
the magnet and the coil.
The deflection is more if the
magnet is moved faster, and
less if moved slowly.
The deflection is reversed
when the magnet is move in
the opposite direction,
indicating the reversed
direction of the current
The deflection in the
galvanometer changes with
the change in number of turns
of the coil. Greater deflection
is observed for larger number
of turns (greater magnetic
field)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGTZPTnZBFE

Induced EMF
The current in the coil is called the induced current because it is

brought about by a changing magnetic field of the bar magnet.
Since a source emf is always needed to produce a current, the
coil behaves as if it were a source of emf. This emf is known as
the induced emf.

Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux is proportional to
both the strength of the magnetic
field passing through the plane of
a loop of wire and the area of the
loop
The flux is defined as
B B A cos B A
where B is the magnetic field and A is the
area of the current loop and the angle
between direction of B and A
Unit of magnetic flux: weber, Wb.

Magnetic Flux
B B A cos B A
Only the perpendicular
component of area of
the loop with the
magnetic field
contributes to the flux

Induced current
A current can be produced by a
changing magnetic field of the magnet

Induced current
A current can be produced by a
changing magnetic field of the solenoid
Secondary coil
Primary coil

Faradays Law
The instantaneous emf induced
in a circuit equals the rate of change
of magnetic flux through the circuit
Faradays Law:
B

t
The minus sign gives the
direction of the induced emf
- Lenz law

Nt
t
B
Faradays Law
The induced emf may be

increased by a circuit that
contains N tightly wound loops
and the emf induced is given by
Faradays Law:
The minus sign gives the

direction of the induced emf
- Lenz law
N loops

Lenzs Law
The induced emf resulting from a changing magnetic flux
has a polarity that leads to an induced current whose
direction is such that the induced magnetic field opposes
the original flux change.

Lenz Law
When applying Lenz Law, there are two magnetic fields to consider
The external changing magnetic field that induces the current in
the loop
The magnetic field produced by the current in the loop
These two field must oppose each other

NtB
Producing the induced emf

Since B = B A cos
The change in the flux, B,
can be produced by a change
in B, A or
Change of field B
1.Swithing on/off the field B
2.Moving the magnet in/out of the
coil
3.Change no of turns of solenoid
Change of area A
1.Move the coil across the field
2.Change shape of coil
Change of angle
1.Rotate the coil

Producing the induced emf
Moving bar
Rotating coil
Moving magnet
Moving coil

Motional emf - Faradays Law

A straight conductor moves
perpendicularly with constant
velocity through a uniform
magnetic field B
The electrons in the conductor
experience a magnetic force
F=qvB
The electrons tend to move to
the lower end of the conductor
As the negative charges
accumulate at the base, a net
positive charge exists at the
upper end of the conductor
Physics
Pusat Asasi Sains Pertanian
Universiti Putra Malaysia


As a result of this charge
separation, an electric field
is produced in the conductor
Charges build up at the
ends of the conductor until
the downward magnetic
force is balanced by the
upward electric force
There is a potential
difference between the
upper and lower ends of the
conductor
Physics


The potential difference
between the ends of the
conductor can be found by
V = B L v
The upper end is at a higher
potential than the lower end
A potential difference is
maintained across the
conductor as long as there is
motion through the field
If the motion is reversed,
the polarity of the potential
difference is also reversed
Physics

Motional emf in a Circuit

Assume the moving bar
has zero resistance
As the bar is pulled to
the right with a given
velocity under the
influence of an applied
force, the free charges
experience a magnetic
force along the length of
the bar
This force sets up an
induced current because
the charges are free to
move in the closed path

Motional emf in a Circuit Lenzs law

The
changing magnetic
flux through the loop
and the corresponding
induced emf in the bar
result from the change
in area of the loop
The induced, motional
emf, acts like a battery
in the circuit
BLv


As the bar moves to the
right, the magnetic flux
through the circuit
increases with time
because the area of the
loop increases
The induced current
must be in a direction
such that it opposes the
change in the external
magnetic flux
Physics


The flux due to the external
field is increasing into the page
The flux due to the induced
current must be out of the
page
Therefore the current must be
counterclockwise when the bar
moves to the right
Physics


The bar is moving toward
the left
The magnetic flux
through the loop is
decreasing with time
The induced current
must be clockwise to to
produce its own flux into
the page
Physics

Motional emf
emf
BLv
Physics
current
B Lv
I
R

Lenz Law Moving Magnet
bar magnet is moved to the right toward a

stationary loop of wire (a)
As the magnet moves, the magnetic flux increases with

time
The
induced current produces a flux to the left, so

the current is in the direction shown (b)
Physics

Induced current
A magnetic tape moves past a

recording and playback head
The tape is a plastic ribbon
coated with iron oxide or
chromium oxide
To record, the sound is

converted to an electrical
signal which passes to an
electromagnet that
magnetizes the tape in a
particular pattern
To playback, the magnetized
pattern is converted back into
an induced current driving a
speaker

AC Generators
Converts mechanical energy to

electrical energy
Consists of a wire loop rotated
by some external means.
e.g falling water, heat by
burning coal

AC Generators
Basic operation of the generator
As the loop rotates, the magnetic

flux through it changes with time
This induces an emf and a
current in the external circuit
The ends of the loop are
connected to slip rings that rotate
with the loop
Connections to the external
circuit are made by stationary
brushes in contact with the slip
rings

AC Generators
The magnetic force on
the charges in the wires
AB and CD is
perpendicular to the
length of the wires
An emf is generated in
wires BC and AD
The emf produced in
each of these wires is
= B L v= B L vsin
Physics

AC Generators
The emf generated by

the rotating loop can be
found by
=2 B L v=2 B L v sin
If the loop rotates with a

constant angular speed,
, and N turns
= N B A sin t
= max =NBA, when

loop is parallel to the
field
= 0 when the loop is
perpendicular to the field
Physics

DC Generators
Components are
essentially the same as
that of an ac generator
The major difference is
the contacts to the
rotating loop are made
by a split ring, or
commutator
Physics

DC Generators
The output voltage
always has the same
polarity
The current is a pulsing
current
To produce a steady
current, many loops and
commutators around the
axis of rotation are used
The multiple outputs
are superimposed and
the output is almost
free of fluctuations
Physics

THE BACK EMF GENERATED BY AN ELECTRIC MOTOR

When a motor is operating, two sources of emf are present:
(1)The applied emf V that provides current to drive the motor,
(2)The emf induced by the generator-like action of the rotating
coil. (Back emf)
V E
I
R
V = emf applied, E the induced emf of rotating motor

Motors and Back emf

The
phrase back emf

is used for an emf
that tends to reduce
the applied current
As the coil begins to
rotate, the induced
back emf opposes
the applied voltage
The current in the
coil is reduced

Inductors

Inductors
Inductors sometimes consist of a conductor
wound into a coil. When a current flows
through it, energy is stored temporarily in a
magnetic field in the coil. When the current
flowing through an inductor changes, the
time-varying magnetic field induces a voltage
in the conductor, according to Faradays law
of electromagnetic induction, which opposes
the change in current that created it.
An inductor is characterized
by its inductance, the ratio of
the voltage to the rate of
change of current, which has
units of henries (H).
Inductors have values that typically

range from 1 H (10-6H) to 1 H.
Another name used for an
inductor is a "Choke".

Self-inductance
Self-inductance occurs when the changing flux through a

circuit arises from the circuit itself
B o nI
I B emf

Self-inductance
As the current increases, the
magnetic flux through a loop due to
this current also increases
The increasing flux induces an emf
that opposes the change in magnetic
flux
As the magnitude of the current
increases, the rate of increase lessens
and the induced emf decreases
This opposing emf results in a gradual
increase of the current
The magnetic field in

its interior is almost
uniform
B o nI
Faradays Law
B
t

Self-inductance
The self-induced emf must be
proportional to the time rate of
change of the current
N
t
B
NA
t
I
NAo
t
I
L
t
L is a proportionality constant called the inductance of the

device
The negative sign indicates that a changing current
induces an emf in opposition to that change

Self-inductance
The self-induced emf is proportional to the
time rate of change of the current
I
L
t
The inductance L of a coil

depends on geometric factors
The SI unit of self-inductance is
Henry
1 H = 1 (V s) / A
The number of coils - More coils means

more inductance.
The material that the coils are wrapped
around (the core)
The cross-sectional area of the coil More area means more inductance.
The length of the coil - A short coil
means narrower (or overlapping) coils,
which means more inductance.

Mutual-inductance
The changing current in the primary coil creates a changing
magnetic flux through the secondary coil, which leads to an
induced emf in the secondary coil.
The self-induced emf

is proportional to the
time rate of change
of the current in the
primary coil
Ip
t

Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
The emf induced by an inductor prevents a battery from

establishing an instantaneous current in a circuit
The battery has to do work to produce a current

This work can be thought of as energy stored by the inductor in
its magnetic field
E= L I2

Inductors in series
and in parallel arrangements
L L1 L2 ........ Ln
1 1 1
1
......
L L1 L2
Ln

Transformers

Transformers
A transformer is generally a four-terminal
device that is capable of transforming an
alternating current (AC) input voltage
into a relatively higher or lower AC
output voltage. A transformer usually
consists of two closely coupled coils that
are designed to transfer energy between
its winding circuits. A typical transformer
has two or more coils that share a
common laminated iron core. One of the
coils is referred to as the primary
(containing Np turns), while the other coil
is called the secondary (containing NS
turns). Primary coils are defined as those
coils whose current is driven by an
external alternating-current source,
whereas secondary coils are defined as
those coils whose voltage is induced by
the varying magnetic field produced by
the primary coil.
Transformers
An AC transformer consists of two

coils of wire wound around a core
of soft iron
The side connected to the input
AC voltage source is called the
primary and has Np turns
The other side, called the
secondary, is connected to a
resistor and has Ns turns
The core is used to increase the
magnetic flux and to provide a
medium for the flux to pass from
one coil to the other
The rate of change of the flux is
the same for both coils

Transformers
A transformer is a device for increasing or decreasing an ac
voltage.
Es N s
Ep N p
t
Es
N
s
Ep
Np
When Ns > Np, the

transformer is referred to
as a step up transformer
When Ns < Np, the
transformer is referred to as
a step down transformer

Transformers
A transformer that steps up the

voltage simultaneously steps
down the current,
I s Vp N p
I p Vs N s
and a transformer that steps

down the voltage
steps up the current.
Electrical Power Transmission
When transmitting electric power over long distances, it is

most economical to use high voltage and low current
Minimizes I2R power losses

Electrical Power Transmission
In practice, voltage is stepped up to about 240 000 V at the

generating station and stepped down to about 10 000 V at
the distribution substation and finally to 240 V at the
customers utility pole


CH6 Electromagnetism A

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Chapter 6

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Explain magnetic flux

Define and calculate inductance of an inductor

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

The current induced is due to

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

The current in the coil is called the induced current because it is

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Unit of magnetic flux: weber, Wb.

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

The induced emf may be

The minus sign gives the

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Producing the induced emf

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Producing the induced emf

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Motional emf - Faradays Law

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Motional emf - Faradays Law

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Motional emf - Faradays Law

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Motional emf in a Circuit

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Motional emf in a Circuit Lenzs law

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Motional emf in a Circuit Lenzs law

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Motional emf in a Circuit Lenzs law

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Motional emf in a Circuit Lenzs law