TUBE SYSTEM

Various Types of Tube

System
Frame Tube System
Irregular Tube System
Eksterior Diagonal Tube System

Frame Tube
In this system, the perimeter of the
building consists of closely spaced columns
connected by deep spandrels
The system works quite efficiently as a
hollow vertical cantilever
Lateral drift due to the axial displacement
of the columns caused by shear and
bending deformations of the spandrels and
columns, may be quite large ,depending
upon the tube geometry

CONFIGURATION
A necessary requirement to create a wall-like
three-dimensional structure is to place
columns on the building exterior relatively
close to each other, joined by deep spandrel
girders
Columns are placed 10 ft (4 m) to as much as
20 ft (6.1 m) apart, with spandrel depths
varying from about 3 to 5 ft (0.90 to 1.52 in.)
Limits the framed tube application is 40 story
building

SCEMATIC PLAN

BEHAVIOUR
The floor system, typically considered rigid in its
own plane, distributes the lateral load to various
elements according to their stiffness.
The strong bending direction of the columns is
typically aligned along the face of the building.
When subjected to bending, the columns on
opposite sides of the neutral axis of the tube are
subjected to tensile and compressive forces
In addition, the frames parallel to the direction of
the lateral load are subjected to the in-plane
bending and the shearing forces associated with an
independent rigid frame action
Although in simplistic terms, the tube is similar to a
hollow cantilever, in reality its response to lateral
loads is in a combined bending and shear mode

SHEAR LAG
Shear lag describes behavior at an end
connection of a tension member where
some but not all of the cross-sectional
elements are connected; the area that
is effective in resisting tension may be
less than the full calculated net area.

SHEAR LAG

SHEAR LAG

SHEAR LAG

IRREGULAR TUBE
Elongated plans with larger aspects ratios impose
considerable premium on the system because of the
following reasons
In wind-controlled design, the elongated building
elevation acts like a sail collecting large wind loads.
The resulting shear forces most usually require
closer spacing and/or larger columns and spandrels
parallel to the wind.
Shear lag effects are more pronounced, especially
for columns oriented perpendicular to the direction
of wind.

IRREGULAR TUBE

EKSTERIOR DIAGONAL TUBE

A trussed tube system improves the efficiency of
the framed tube by increasing its potential for use
in taller buildings and allowing greater spacing
between the columns
The fascia diagonals interact with the trusses on
the perpendicular faces to achieve a threedimensional behavior, virtually eliminating the
effects of shear lag in both the flange and web
frames
The bracing also contributes to the improved
performance of the tube in carrying gravity loading

EKSTERIOR DIAGONAL TUBE

Advantages :
Limits the framed tube application to 50- or 60-story
buildings unless the column spacing is very close, as
was the case in the now non existing 109-story World
Trade Center Towers, New York, which had columns at
3.28 ft (1.0 m).
The spacing of the columns can be greater and the
size of the columns and spandrels less
It is possible to visualize a concrete system
consisting of closely spaced exterior columns with
blocked-out windows at each floor to create a
diagonal pattern on the building facade

EKSTERIOR DIAGONAL TUBE

EKSTERIOR DIAGONAL TUBE

Ontario Center
58-story building,
Chicago