NETWORKING

FUNDAMENTAL POINTS ABOUT

NETWORKING

Computer do not work in isolation in

modern organizations, rather they
constantly exchange data

This exchange of data, facilitated by

telecommunications technologies.

This exchange can take place over any

distance and over networks of any
size.

COMPUTER NETWORKS

Network: an interconnected system of things

or people.

Computer Network: is a system that connects

computers via communications media so that
data can be transmitted among them.

WHAT ARE THE MAIN BUSINESS

REASONS FOR USING NETWORKS?

To be more flexible, so that they can easily adapt the

rapidly changing business conditions.

To share h/w, s/w, computer applications, and data

across the organization and among the organizations.

Network make it possible for geographically

dispersed employees and work groups to share
documents, ideas and creative insights.

This sharing encourages teamwork, innovation, and

more efficient and effective interactions.

TYPES OF NETWORKS

LAN
Local

Area Network
A LAN exists in a house or a university campus
Used Guided Media
LAN generally provides a high-speed 100 Kbps to
100 Mbps.
The connections must be high speed and
relatively inexpensive

TYPES OF NETWORKS

WAN
Wide

Area Network
(WAN) exists over many office buildings
separated by a vast distance.
The Internet can also be considered as a WAN.
Used Unguided media.
Its long distance communications, which may or
may not be provided by public packet network.
The technology is high speed and relatively
expensive.
CAN- Campus Area Network which would be like something at a university or perhaps
a group of government buildings.
MAN- Metropolitan Area Network would be like a network that spanned across the
city that your were in. Say you had several buildings in Manhattan that were on the
same network but not located adjacent to each other.
HAN- A Home Area Network which would be like the network in your house. Also
could be called a PAN or Personal Area Network.

VAN- Value-added Network: Private, dataonly networks managed by outside third

parties that provide telecommunication and
computing services to multiple organizations.

PACKET SWITCHING

IMPORTANT

All of these types of networks could in theory

have the same equiptment so they can be
very similar.
Where they differ is mainly the distance
between locations which can result in
different resources for connecting the
networks together.
For instance a WAN could connect several
LANS, CANS, or MANS. T

QUESTION: DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN

E-LEARNING AND DISTANCE LEARNING
E-learning means
supported by web

learning

It can take inside the

classrooms as a support to
conventional teaching
It can also take place in
virtual classrooms, in which
all coursework is done online
and classes do not meet faceto-face.
E-learning can be a part of
distance learning

Distance learning refers to

any learning situation in which
teachers and students do not
meet face-to-face.

BENEFITS OF E-LEARNING

Online materials can deliver very current

content that is of high quality and consistent
Flexible to learn from any place, at any
time, and at their own pace.
More people can be trained within a given
time frame
Reduces training cost as well as renting
facility space.

Some drawbacks
Students must be computer literate.
They may miss the face-to-face interactions with instructors.
Assessing of students work can be problematic because instructors really do not know
who completed the assignment

DEVICES USE TO CONNECT NETWORK/

INTERNETWORKING DEVICE
1)NIC
NIC is Network Interface Card; this is the most important device in building
network.

2) Gateways
Gateways are devices which connect two are more networks that use different
protocols.
They are similar in function to routes but they are more powerful and intelligent
devices

3) Repeaters
Repeaters are used within network to extend the length of communication.

4) Bridges
Bridges are used to connect similar network segments.

5) Hub
Hubs are basically multi ports repeaters.

6) Modem
The device that converts digital signals into analog signals and analog signals
to digital signals is called Modem.

OSI VS TCP/IP MODEL

DEVICES USE TO CONNECT NETWORK/

INTERNETWORKING DEVICE

Routers

Router is intelligent device which routes data to

destination computers.

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

RING
STAR
BUS

STAR TOPOLOGY
HUB

In a Star topology every node is connected

through a central device such as a Hub,
Switch or Router

The Good and bad about STAR topology :

The upside of a star network is that if any one cable fails then only the node
connected on that cable would be affected
Another positive point to this type of network is that it is very simple to join two star
networks together by connecting their central devices to each other
As each computer is connected to a central device (Hub) the location of the Hub
must be made as central as possible, so as to reduce cable lengths
The drawback to this type of topology is if a central device was to fail then all
computers connected to that device would not be able to see the network

RING TOPOLOGY

In Ring topology each node is connected to the

two nearest nodes so the entire network forms a
circle
Data only travels in one direction on a Ring
network

Problems :
The drawback to this type of topology is that a single malfunctioning workstation can
disable the whole network
To make sure all the information is sent the receiving PC sends the token back to the
sending PC after it has received all the data

RING TOPOLOGY

a node has information to send to another computer on

the network so it sends the information out on the
network to the PC it is connected to, if the information
is for this PC then the PC accepts the data

otherwise it passes the information on to the next PC by

repeating the data back out on the line

As it is better to have computers take turns using

the connecting Data cable, Ring topologies
incorporated a system called Token passing

In this topology, to transmit on the wire your

computer must have control of the token or wait
for the token to be free

BUS TOPOLOGY

Each computer communicates to other

computers on the network independently this is
referred to as PEER-TO-PEER networking
All computers on a network have a distinct
address just like your house does
a message would be send from one computer
with the address of another computer attached
to the message
The message is broadcasted to all the computers
on the network until the addressed PC accepts
the message

Problems :
One of the main problems with this type of network is that it is not very fault
tolerant, a break or defect in the bus would affect the whole network
In this configuration adding more computers will reduce the access speed on the

DATA TRANSMISSION MODES

Simplex: Communication can take place in

one direction only.
In this mode the flow of information is Unidirectional.
The receiver receives the signal from the
transmitting device.
Example: Keyboard and traditional monitor.
the keyboard only can give input
the monitor only can accept output.

DATA TRANSMISSION MODE

Half-Duplex: the communication channel is

used in both directions, but only in one
direction at a time.
Half Duplex line alternately send and receive
data.
Example: Walkie-talkie

DATA TRANSMISSION MODE

Full Duplex: The communication channel is

used both directions at same time
Example: Telephone line

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Peer-to-Peer :

Apeer-to-peer
(P2P)
networkis
a
type
ofdecentralizedanddistributednetwork
architecture in which individualnodesin the
network (called"peers") act as both suppliers and
consumers of resources

In a peer-to-peer network, tasks are shared amongst

multiple interconnected peers who each make a
portion of their resources (such as processing power,
disk storage or network bandwidth) directly
available to other network participants, without the
need for centralized coordination by servers.

CLIENT-SERVER

A network based on theclient-server model,

where individualclient requesst services and
resources from centralizedservers.

A client/server network, on the other hand,

has a central authority figure that controls
the communication and access to resources
on the network.

This centralized controlling PC is called a

server.

Question : What is Server and Client?

ADDRESSING ON THE INTERNET

AnInternetaddressuniquely identifies
anodeon the Internet. Internet address
may also refer to the name orIPof aWeb
site(URL).
WWW.SOFTWARE.IBM.COM

DIFFERENTIATE AMONGH THE INTERNET,

THE WWW, INTRANETS AND EXTRANETS
Internet

World Wide Web

Estimated year of
Origin:

1969, though opening of 1993

the network to
commercial interests
began only in 1988

Name of the first

version:

ARPANET

Comprises of:

Network of
Files, folders &
Computers,copper
documents stored in
wires, fibre-optic cables various computers
& wireless networks

Governed by:

Internet Protocol

Hyper Text Transfer

Protocol

Dependency:

This is the base;

Independent of the
World Wide Web

It depends on Internet
to work

Nature:

Hardware

Software

Transport mechanism

application

NSFnet

DIFFERENTIATE AMONGH THE INTERNET,

THE WWW, INTRANETS AND EXTRANETS
Internet

Intranet

Extranet

This isthe world-wide

networkof computers
accessible to anyone who
knows their Internet
Protocol (IP) address

This is a network that is not An Extranet is actually an

available to the world
Intranet that is partially
outside of the Intranet.
accessible to authorised
outsiders.
If the Intranet network is
connected to the Internet,
the Intranet will reside
behind a firewall and, if it
allows access from the
Internet, will be an
Extranet.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

Node
URL
IP
VAN

TECHNOLOGIES USED FOR E-COMMERCE & EBUSINESS

E-mail: eliminates telephone tag and costly long-distance

telephone charges
Groupware: enables work groups at different locations to
participate in discussion forums and work on shared
documents and projects
Voice mail: digitizes spoken message and transmits it
over a network
Fax: digitizes and transmits documents over telephone
lines
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CONTD.

Teleconferencing:
Ability

Data conferencing:
Two

to confer with a group of people simultaneously

or more users can edit and modify data files simultaneously

Videoconferencing:
Participants

are able to see each other over video screens

Distance learning:
Education

or training delivered over a distance to individuals in

one or more locations

E-learning:
Instruction

delivered online using the internet or private networks

EDI:
Direct

computer-to-computer exchange between two organizations

of standard business transaction documents
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