Water Resources

1. Hydrologic Cycle and Water Reservoirs

2. Floods and Flood Control
3. Use of Water
4. Water Composition
5. Water Problems

Withdrawal vs Consumption
Consumed

Evaporated
Transpired
Incorporated into crops
Consumed by humans or livestock
consumptive usethe part of water withdrawn
that is evaporated, transpired, incorporated into
products or crops, consumed by humans or
livestock, or otherwise removed from the
immediate water environment.

Types of withdrawal

Domestic-commercial
Industrial-Mining
Thermoelectric power
Irrigationsome use for livestock

Consumptive-use estimates were included in some previous water-use

Circulars but were omitted for 2000. Also referred to as water consumed.

http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/circ1268/htdocs/table01.html

Who uses the most water in the

US?
California
Texas
The least ?
Alaska
Dependent on population and
agriculture

Water Use UK

UK water resource use by industry, 1997/98 - Total abstraction: 16.8

billion cubic metres

Water Requirements: W. Society

Home Use

Liters

gallons

Shower per minute

19

Bath

114

30

Toilet flush

15

Load wash

114

30

Hose flow/hour

1136

300

Human Survival per person/yr 720

190

Water Requirements: W. Society

Food Production

Liters

gallons

Sugar per ton

946,000

250,000

Corn per ton

946,000

250,000

Rice per ton

9,460,000

2,500,000

Milk per gallon

61,000

16,000

Beef per pound

14,000

3,700

Annual Renewable Water Supply

http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.php?map_select=265&theme=4

U.S. Water Management

How do you get water to cities?

1st stream channels were altered or
extended to flow into more accessible
areas
Greeks built masonry structures and made
tunnels to move water
Romans built aqueductsby A.D. 97 they
had 9 aqueducts that brought 322 million
liters a day to Rome

Irrigation
Within the U.S. differs from east to west:
about 5% in the east is used for irrigation,
90% of water use in west is for irrigation.
The water used in irrigation accounts for
85% of all the water consumed in the U.S.

Industrial Use
For processing, washing, and cooling
Most water is returned to the system,
however we need to concerned about the
quality: industrial pollution and heat
pollution

Thermoelectric power
Water used in the generation of electricty
from fossil fuels, nuclear and geothermal
sources
About 98% of the water is returned to
system, but it is hotter than it should be

Hydroelectric Power
Total average flow in all U.S. rivers is 1270
Bgal/day
Total instream hydroelectric power use:
about 3300 Bgal/day
How does that work?

World water usage

http://www.worldmapper.org/

Water Resources

1. Hydrologic Cycle and Water Reservoirs

2. Floods and Flood Control
3. Use of Water
4. Water Composition
5. Water Problems

Water Composition
Pure spring water
About 30 ppm of dissolved material 0.003%

Dead sea/Great Salt Lake

About 300,000 ppm or 30%

Ocean Water
35,000 ppm or 3.5%

Water for human consumption

Should have less than 500 ppm dissolved
salts
Water with > 2000 ppm is unsuitable for
most other uses (perhaps cooling would
be okbut not irrigation)

Rainwater from Menlo Pk, and

average from sites in N.C. and Virginia

Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Bicarbonate
Sulfate
Chloride
Silica
TDS
pH
Values in PPM

0.8
1.2
9.4
4
7.6
17
0.3
38
5.5

0.65
0.14
0.56
0.11
2.2
0.57
4.7
-

Other Natural waters

3

10

11

12

40.7

1.68

14

22

241

400

144

6.5

3.11

4540

Magnesium

7.2

0.24

13

17

7200

1350

55

1.1

0.7

160

Sodium

1.4

0.16

14

83,600

10,500

Potassium

1.2

0.31

0.5

4070

380

Bicarbonate

114

5.4

104

129

251

28

622

Sulfate

36

1.3

4.7

1.3

16,400

185

Chloride

1.1

0.06

8.5

33

140,000

Silica

3.7

0.7

24

30

TDS

207

10

120

6.9

7.7

Calcium

pH

~27

~37

3.03

2740

~2

~3

1.09

32.1

77

20

55

60

15

19000

53

17

0.5

12,600

48

22

103

16.4

8.5

180

254,000

35000

670

222

36

20,338

7.4

6.7

6.2

6.5

World Poor Water

www.worldmapper.org