Chapter 3, Part 2

Cellular Compartmentalization: Organelles

Mitochondria are the site of
cellular energy production.
•Glucose breakdown takes place mostly in the
mitochondrion.

•Energy liberated from glucose molecules is captured by

ATP molecules.

•Cellular energy production captures 30–60% of the energy

contained in glucose; the rest is given off as heat.
Three organelles are involved in manufacturing protein

1. Endoplasmic reticulum
Some proteins are produced on the surface of the
rough endoplasmic reticulum

2. Ribosomes
Ribosomes are involved in all protein synthesis

3. The Golgi complex

The golgi modifies and packages proteins that are

secreted from the cell for extracelluar use

The Endoplasmic Reticulum
The Golgi Complex
Lysosomes are
membrane-bound
organelles that
contain digestive
enzymes
 Methods of Cellular Motility

1. Flagella are organelles that permit cellular motility.

2. Movement across the surface of cells is provided by cilia.

3. Some cells move by amoeboid motion.

Energy and Metabolism
Cells get the energy they need primarily from two sources:

1. the breakdown of glucose (a type of carbohydrate)

3. the breakdown of triglycerides (a type of fat)

The chemical breakdown of glucose occurs in four steps.

1. glycolysis

2. the transition reaction

3. the citric acid cycle

4. the electron transport system

Overview of
glycolysis

Glycolysis is the
breakdown of
glucose into two
pyruvate molecules

Glycolysis nets the

cell two molecules
of ATP and two
NADH molecules
containing high-
energy electrons.
The Transition Reaction

•The transition reaction—pyruvate produced during glycolysis

diffuses into the mitochondrion and undergoes the transition
reaction.
•In the transition reaction one carbon atom is cleaved off
each pyruvate.
•This step produces acetyl CoA and two NADH molecules.
The citric acid cycle

•The citric acid cycle completes the breakdown of glucose.

•The Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle, which produces
two ATPs and numerous molecules of NADH and FADH2.
•These electron carriers accept high-energy electrons from
various reactions in the citric acid cycle and move them to
the electron transport system.
The Electron Transport System

•Electrons given off during the citric acid cycle and

glycolysis enter the electron transport system.

•The electron transport system is a series of protein

molecules embedded in the inner surface of the inner
membrane of the mitochondrion.
End of Chapter 3, Part 2