CHAPTER 2

FORCE AND MOTION

WATCH THIS

2.1: Analysing Linear Motion

1.Linear motion?
- Motion in a straight line
2. Distance vs displacement
3. Speed vs velocity
4. Acceleration

Definition:
Total length of the path travelled by
an object from one point to the other

Scalar quantity

Distance

SI unit:
metre, m

Does not tell the direction of movement

Symbol: d

Example 2.1

1. A boy walks from A to B

and from B to C. Find
the distance between A
and C.

B
A

16 m
12 m
C

Solution :
Distance from A to C 16 m 12 m
28 m
5

Definition:
The shortest path or distance travelled in a specific direction

Vector quantity

SI unit:
metre, m

Displacement

Considers the direction of movement

Symbol: s

Example 2.1

2. A boy walks from A to B and from B to C. Determine

displacement of the boy.
B
A

16 m
12 m
C

Solution :
Displacement from A to C

162 122

400
20 m

Definition:
Distance travelled per unit time
OR
Rate of change of distance

Scalar quantity

Speed

d
Formula : v
t
SI unit:
m s-1

Does not tell the direction of movement

Symbol: v

Average speed of a body is calculated by:

total distance travelled, d

Average speed
time taken, t

Example 2.1
3. A boy walks from A to C through B, find:
a) Speed from A to B
b) Speed from B to C
c) Average speed from A to C
C
12 m
t=4s
A

16 m
t=8s

B
10

Solution :
a) Speed from A to B, vAB = 16 m = 2 m s-1
8s
b) Speed from B to C, vBC = 12 m = 3 m s-1
4s

total dis tan ce travelled, d

c) Average speed
time taken, s
16 m + 12 m
Average speed =
(8 + 4) s
28 m
=
12 s
= 2.33 m s

-1

11

Definition:
The rate of change of displacement

s
Formula : v
t
Vector quantity

Velocity

SI unit:
m s-1

Consider the direction of movement

Symbol: v

12

Example 2.1

C
12 m
t=4s

16 m
t=8s

4. Determine the velocity of a boy.

Solution :

Velocity from A to C = 20 m
12 s
= 1.67 m s-1

13

vu
Formula : a
t

Definition:
Rate of change of velocity

Vector quantity

; where
a = acceleration
u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
t = time

SI unit :
m s-2

Acceleration

Consider the direction of movement

14

Example 2.1
5. A car increases its velocity steadily from 20 m s-1 to 30 m s-1
in 5 s. What is its acceleration?

Solution:

vu
a
t
(30 20) m / s

5s
2 m / s2
15

Example 2.1
6. A car moving at a constant velocity of 30 m s-1 came to a

stop 6 s after its brake were applied. What was the

deceleration of the car?
Solution:

vu
a
t
(0 30) m / s

6s

Note:
Negative acceleration
is known as deceleration

5 m / s 2
Deceleration is 5 m s-2

16

Exercise 2.1
1. A car moving with velocity of 30 m s-1 decelerates uniformly to
stop in 5 s. What is the deceleration of the car?
2. A sport car takes 4 s to accelerate from rest to 28 m s -1,
determine the car acceleration.

17

2.1.1: Ticker-tape Timer

1. Velocity and acceleration of an object can be shown using a

ticker timer.
2. The ticker-tape timer consist of vibrator that vibrates 50 times

per second ( or frequency of 50 Hz)

18

3. This enable the vibrator to produce 50 dots per second on the

ticker-tape being pulled through it.
4. The constant interval between two successive dots on tickertape is called one tick.
1
5. One tick is equal to ors 0.02 s
50

Distance of 6 ticks
0.02 s

1 tick

19

1. Example of movement
a) Constant velocity :- separation between two dots is constant

Motion direction
b) Constant acceleration :- separation between two dots
increases uniformly

Motion direction
c) Constant deceleration :- separation between two dots
decreases uniformly

Motion direction

20

Solving problems involves ticker-tape

Example 2.1.1
1. Figure below shows a part of ticker tape which records a
motion of trolley. The ticker time is operating at frequency of
50 Hz.

Calculate the acceleration of the trolley.

21

Solution:

4.5 cm
final velocity , v
0.02 s

1.5 cm
initial velocity , u
0.02 s
75 cm s

225 cm s 1

time taken for change in velocity, t

t time interval between the first tick and sixth tick
t 6 1 0.02 s
t 0.1 s
v u
a
t

225 75 cm s 1
a
0.1 s
a 1500 cm s 2

22

Example 2.1.1
2. The figure
shows the tape
chart of a
trolley which is
moving down a
sloping
runway. From
the tape chart,
determine the
average
velocity and
acceleration of
the trolley.
23

olution:
Total displacement, s = ( 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14) cm
= 54 cm
Total time taken, t = 1.2 s

Therefore,

s
Average velocity, v
t
54 cm

1 .2 s
45 cm s 1
24

The acceleration of trolley can be determined shown as below:

a) The initial velocity,

4 cm
u
0.2 s
20 cm s 1

b) The final velocity,

14 cm
v
0.2 s
70 cm s 1

c) Change in velocity, v u

70 20 cm s 1
50 cm s 1
25

d) Time taken for change in velocity

time interval between the first and sixth strip

6 1 0.2 s
1 .0 s
vu
e) Therefore, acceleration, a
t
50 cm s 1

1.0 s
50 cm s 2
0.5 m s 2

26

Exercise 2.1.1
1. Diagram below shows a section of the ticker tape which
records the motion of a trolley moving down an inclined
runway. The frequency of the ticker timer is 50 Hz.

direction of motion

12 cm
The average velocity of the trolley
is

27

2. Diagram below shows a ticker tape which records the motion

of a trolley moving down an inclined runway. The frequency
of the ticker timer is 50 Hz.
direction of motion

1.2 cm

1.8 cm

Determine acceleration of the trolley.

28

Motion from ticker-tape chart

1. Constant velocity
s/cm

29

t/s

2. Constant acceleration
s/cm

30

t/s

3. Constant deceleration
s/cm

31

t/s

4. Increase of acceleration
s/cm

t/s32

5. Decrease of deceleration
s/cm

t/s

33

2.1.2: Equation of Linear Motion

1. Linear motion equation can show the relationship between
initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration and displacement.
2. At constant acceleration the four variables can be shown in
the equation below:

1. v u at

1
2. s (u v)t
2
1 2
3. s ut at
2
2
2
4. v u 2as

Where;

a accelerati on
u initial velocity
v final velocity
t time
34
s displaceme
nt

Example 2.1.2
1. A car is accelerate at 6 m s-2 from an initial velocity of 2 m s-1
for 10 seconds. What is
a) the final velocity
b) the distance moved?
2. A driver travelling at a velocity of 108 km h-1 notices a cow in
the middle of the road 80 m in front of him. On seeing the
cow, the driver instantly applies the brakes and is able to bring
the car stop after 6 seconds.
a) What is the deceleration of the car
b) Calculate the distance travelled by car from the time the
driver applies the brakes until it comes to stop.
c) Is the driver able to avoid knocking the cow.
35

t=6s

a = ??

v = 0 m s-1

u = 108 km h-1

Distance between car and cow = 80 m

s = ??

Given:
u = 108 km h-1 = 30 m s-1
v = 0 m s-1
t=6s

Find :
a) Deceleration = a = ??
b) s =??
c) Yes / No
36

Exercise 2.1.2
1. A car is travelling at 5 m s-1 and is accelerating uniformly. It
travels at distance of 300 m in 20 s. The speed of car in the
end of 20 s is
2. A car start from rest and accelerates uniformly along the
straight road for 10 s and reaches the speed of 40 m s -1.
Then, it moves at this speed for a while before arriving at hill
slope. The driver stop the engine and let the car move up the
hill slope freely until it stops. The distance travelled along the
hill slope is 0.5 km. Calculate
a) the acceleration of the car in the first 10 s
b) the distance travelled along the straight road
c) the deceleration of the car along the hill slope
d) the time taken for the car to stop while moving up the hill
37
slope

v1 = 0 m s-1
t1 = ??

0.5

t = 10 s a = ??
u1 = 40 m s

-1

u = 0 m s-1

v = 40 m s-1

km

s = ??
Find:
c) a = ?
d) t1 = ??

Given:
u1 = 40 m s-1
v1 = 0 m s-1
s = 500 m

Given:
u = 0 m s-1
v = 40 m s-1
t = 10 s

Find:
a) a = ??
b) s = ??

38

2.2: ANALYSING MOTION ON GRAPH

1. Graph shows the changes in the motion of an object with time.
2. There are three types of motion graph.
Displacement-time graph

s
t
39

Displacementtime graph

Gradient of
displacement-time graph
= velocity

40

Example 2.2

1. Figure shows displacement-time graph for a moving object.

a) What is the displacement of the object after 3 seconds?
b) what is the velocity of the object during
i. the first 3 seconds
ii. the next 3 seconds?
41
c) Sketch the velocity-time graph for the object

Exercise 2.2
1. A stone is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 20 m s -1.

It takes 2 s to reach its maximum height and takes another 2 s

to fall back to its starting point. The displacement-tine graph of
the motion is shown in figure below.
s/m

t/s

42

a) From the shape of the displacement-time graph, describe how

the gradient of the curve changes in the first 2 s and then in

the next 2 s.
b) Sketch a velocity-time graph to show how the velocity of the

stone changes with time until it falls back to starting point.

c) Calculate the maximum height reached by the stone.
d) Calculate the average speed of the stone when t = 4 s.

43

Velocity-time graph

Area
t

- Area under the velocity-time graph = displacement

- Gradient of velocity-time graph = acceleration
44

Velocity-time
graph

45

Example 2.2
2. The velocity-time graph for a car travelling along a straight
road is shown in figure.
a) What is the acceleration of the car during the part of
journey represented by OA, AB and BC.
b) What is the total distance travelled by the car?
c) Calculate the average velocity of the car for its whole
journey.
d) Sketch the acceleration-time graph for whole journey
covered by the car.

46

47

3. An elastic ball is dropped freely onto a hard and smooth floor.

Which of the following velocity-time graphs shows the

relationship between the velocity of the ball with time?

48

4. Which of the following velocity-time graphs shows constant

acceleration?

49

Exercise 2.2
2. A car starts from rest at time, t = 0 s and moves along a

straight road. Figure shows the velocity-time graph of the car

from t = 0 s to 200 s.

50

a) Describe the motion of the car from t = 0 s to 200 s.

b) Find the acceleration of the car in the
a) first 20 s
b) last 10 s
c) Find the distance travelled by the car when the car is
a) accelerating
b) moving with constant velocity
c) decelerating
d) Sketch an acceleration time graph of the car from t = 0 s to

200 s

51

Acceleration-time graph

Area

Area under acceleration-time graph = average velocity

52

Acceleration-time graph

53

2.3: INERTIA
1. All body with mass possess a property as known as inertia
2. Mass of an object is a quantity of matter of an object
3. Inertia of an object is a tendency of an object to maintain a
state of rest or to remain in uniform motion in straight line.
4. Newtons First Law of Motion states that if the net force acting
on a body is zero
a) It will stay rest (stationary) if a body is at rest
b) It will keep moving with constant velocity in straight line if
the body is moving.

54

2.3: INERTIA
5. The following describes various examples of inertia
a) After the cardboard is jerked, the coin hovers over the top

of the glass awhile before dropping into the glass

6. Relationship between mass and inertia

55 its inertia
- The larger the mass of an object, the greater

Passenger jerks forward when

train comes to a halt

Train slows down

applying brake

56

Train in
motion

Positive effect of Inertia

1. The head of hammer can be fitted into its handle by hitting the
end of handle against a hard surface.
2. When a piece of tissue paper is pulled quickly from box, the
box will not move.
57

58

Ways to Reduce the Negative Effect of Inertia

steel
1)

2)

1. The safety belt and airbag prevent the driver from crashing

into the windscreen and injuring himself

2. The tank in the lorry is divided into smaller tanks to reduce

the effect of inertia.

The steel structure to prevent the load from moving forward
59
and knock the driver compartment.

3)

4)

3. A container ship has large inertia that it takes over an hour to

accelerate to its full speed or slow down to a stop.

4. An aeroplane has a large mass. Therefore, a very long

runway is required for the aeroplane to stop safely.

60

Situation Involving Inertia

thread P
weight
thread Q

1. When tread Q is pulled steadily increase force the tension

supplied by the pull is transmitted to thread P, thus thread
break when it reaches the breaking point
2. When thread Q is jerked, the inertia of weight keeps it in
stationary position and prevent the transmission of force to
thread P thereby causing thread Q to snap 61

TEST YOUR UNDESTANDING

1. What is the property of a body which tends to resist changes

acting on it?
A. Inertia
B. Impulse
C. Energy
D. Power
2. Which of the following statements about inertia balance is
true?
A. Inertia balance is not affected by gravity
B. Inertia balance is based on the same principle as spring
balance
C. Inertia balance can be used to measure weight
62

3. Diagram shows Nurhayati and Syura skating towards X.

Syura still moves towards X when Nurhayati releases her
hand. The movement of Syura can be explained by
A.The concept of equilibrium of force
B.The concept of inertia
C.Principle conservation of momentum

63

4. Diagram shows Rosman and Wan sit on motorcycle. What

will happen to Rosman when the motorcycle accelerates?
A.Stays stationary
B.Moves backwards
C.Moves forwards

5. Which of the following statements about inertia of an object is

true?
A. An object with a larger mass has a larger inertia
B. A stationary object has no inertia
C. A free fall object has no inertia
64

6. Which of the following has the smallest inertia?

65

2.4: MOMENTUM
1. Momentum is defined as mass of an object multiplied by its
velocity
momentum mass velocity
p mv
2. The SI unit for momentum is kg m s-1
3. Momentum is a vector quantity.
4. The direction of momentum of an object is the same as the
direction of the velocity of the object.
66

Example 2.4
1. While ice-skating, a girl of mass 35 kg is moving with velocity

of 4 m s-1 and a boy a mass 40 kg is moving with 3 m s-1

towards each other as shown in figure. Calculate the
momentum of the girl and the boy.

67

2.4.1: Conservation of Momentum

1. The principle conservation of momentum states that in a
collision, the total momentum in the system is conserved
provided no external forces are acting on the system.
Total momentum = Total momentum
before collision after collision
2. This principle can be describes in:
a) Elastic collision
b) Inelastic collision
c) explosion
68

Elastic collision
1. The colliding objects separated after collision

m1u1 m2u 2 m1v1 m2v2

2. Total momentum and total kinetic energy are conserved

a) Total momentum before and after collision are equal
69
b) Total kinetic energy before and after collision
are equal

Example 2.4.1
1. For an elastic collision as shown in figure, given that m 1 = 1.0

kg, m2 = 3.0 kg, u1 = 4 m s-1, u2 = 2 m s-1 and v2 = 0.5 m s-1.

What is the velocity, v1 after collision?

70

Exercise 2.4.1
1. For an elastic collision as shown in figure, given that m 1 = 2.0

kg, m2 = 3.0 kg, u1 = 5 m s-1, u2 = 2 m s-1 and v1 = 2 m s-1.

What is the velocity, v2 after collision?

71

Inelastic collision
1. The colliding objects will stick and move together after collision

m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v

2. The momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not conserved

- Kinetic energy before and after collision are not equal
72

Example 2.4.1

2. For an inelastic collision as shown in figure, given that m 1 = 3

kg, m2 = 2 kg, u1 = 5 m s-1 and u2 = 1 m s-1. What is the

common velocity, v, after collision?

73

Exercise 2.4.1

2. A bullet of mass 20 g is fired towards a stationary target with

mass 2 kg. the bullet is embedded in the target and both move
together at common velocity of 2 m s-1. Find the velocity of the
bullet before hitting the target.

74

Explosion
1. The total momentum of objects is zero since they move in
opposite direction.

m1v1 m2 v2 0
m1v1 (m2 v2 )

2. Total momentum is conserved

75

Example 2.4.1
3. A cannonball of mass, m = 5 kg is fired from a cannon of

mass, M = 800 kg with a speed of 40 m s-1. find the recoil

velocity of the cannon.

Exercise 2.4.1
3. A bullet of mass 10 g is fired from a rifle of mass 2 kg. The

velocity of the bullet is found to be 100 m s-1. find the recoil

velocity of the rifle.
76

EXERCISE / HOMEWORK
1. a)
b)
c)

What is momentum?
Is momentum a vector quantity?
Which vehicle has the larger momentum? A car of mass
800 kg travelling at 30 m s-1 and a van of mass 1200 kg
travelling at 72 km h-1.

2. d)
e)

What does it mean by momentum is conserved?

Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collisions

3. Two cars have equal mass, m = 800 kg. One car moves at

velocity of u = 4 m s-1 towards the other car which is at rest.

The two cars coupled together after impact. What is their
common velocity?
77

4. Trolleys P and Q of the same mass move towards each

other as shown in figure. The magnitude and direction of

their respective velocities are shown. What is their common
velocity if both the trolleys stick to each other after
collision?
5. A boy standing on a skateboard is moving at a constant

speed of 10 m s-1 along a straight line, carrying a bowling

ball in his hand. The mass of the boy and the ball are 50 kg
and 5 kg respectively. While moving, the boys throws the
ball horizontally and it is observed that his speed slows
down to 9.5 m s-1. What is the speed of the ball when the
78
ball is thrown?

6. The ticker-tape shown in figure is obtained from the inelastic

collision of trolley P and Q. trolley Q is initially at rest while P is

moving towards it with uniform velocity. If the mass of trolley P
is 2 kg and ticker tape is connected to a 50 Hz power supply,
find:
a) The velocity of trolley P before collision
b) The common velocity of trolleys P and Q after the collision
c) The mass of trolley Q.
79

Application of Conservation of Momentum

1. Launching a water rocket
- The compressed air exerts a force
on
water.
- This forces the water to be ejected
out at high speed and produce a
momentum downward.
- An equal and opposite momentum is
produced to push the bottle forward
2. This principle of conservation of momentum can be applied in
the launching of rocket and jet engine
80

Comparison Jet Engine & Rocket

Jet engine

Similarities

Rocket

- Movement base on principle of conservation of momentum

- both are internal combustion engine
Differences
Aerofoil shape

STRUCTURE

Segmented

Paraffin, kerosene

FUEL

Liquid hydrogen

From atmosphere

SOURCE OF OXYGEN

Stored liquid oxygen

Atmosphere

FUNCTIONAL
LOCATION

Atmosphere and outer

space

Air compression by
turbine and combustion
of fuel

OPERATION METHOD

Combustion of fuel and

liquid oxygen

Need a long runway

LAUNCHING METHOD

Runaway is not needed

No

AGAINST GRAVITY

Yes

Can be used for many

times

ENGINE

Used only once

81

2.5: THE EFFECT OF A FORCE

1. The action of pulling and pushing is a force.
2. A force can alter the object in aspect of
a) Speed
d) Size
b) Shape
e) Direction of movement
c) State of motion
3. Force is a
a) vector quantity
b) Symbol, F
c) SI unit: Newton, N
4. Types of force
a) weight
c) friction
b) tension
d) air resistance

82

Balance Force
1. When two or more external force acting on a body produce no
net force, we can say the forces are balanced

Net Force, F 0
2. The following are some of situation where force are balanced
on a body:

- A pile of book on hard surface

- the weight, W of book acting vertically downward
- at the same time, an equal and opposite force as
known as normal force, R from the surface acted
on the books
- the net force acting on the book
83 is zero
-

a) An aircraft is flying

horizontally at constant
height and constant
velocity
b) The engine provide forward thrust, T and wind and air

resistance, F provides a drag against the forward motion

c) The wings of the plane provide a lift, L vertically to balance

downward weight, W
d) When these four forces are balanced, the net force acting on

the plane is zero

e) This means that; L = W and T = F

84

Unbalanced Force
1. When two of more forces acting on a body are not balanced,
there must be net force acting on it
2. This net force as known as unbalanced force or resultant force
3. The effects of unbalanced forces acting on an object are
shown in following examples:
- A footballer kicks a ball move toward him
causes the ball bounce off
- the unbalanced force causes the ball change
its direction

- A golfer hits a stationary golf ball

85
- a force acts on the ball causes it to fly off from rest

2.5.1: Relationship Between Force and Mass

a)

When a net force, F, acts on a mass, m it

causes an acceleration, a

b)

When the force, F, on the same mass is

doubled, its acceleration also doubled, 2a

c)

The same force applied to twice of the

mass results in only half of the
1
acceleration, a
86
2

Newtons Second Law of Motion

1. Newtons Second Law of Motion states that, when a net force
acts on object the acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force and has a magnitude that is
inversely proportional to its mass
Acceleration, a

Acceleration, a

1
m
F is constant

aF
m is constant

Force, F

Mass, m
87

Combining the relationship, a

F ma
and F km a

1
F
F and a
we get a
m
m

; where k is constant

Substitute the values into the expression

F kma, 1 N k 1 kg 1 m s -2 and we get the constant, k 1
Then the relationship between force, F, mass, m and
acceleration, a can be written as:
F ma
It also provides the definition of force of 1 N
1 N is unbalanced force which gives mass of
88
1 kg an acceleration of 1 m s-2

Points to
Note !!
1. When forces that act on body are balanced, then:
Net force = 0
Force applied = Resistive force
2. A balance force does not change its state of rest or its state of
motion with uniform velocity
3. The unbalanced force = Net force
= Force applied Resistive force
4. The unbalance force or resultant force can cause a body:
- The change its state of rest
- The change its state of motion
5. The acceleration produced depends on the mass and the force
89
that pushes it

Example 2.5.1
1. AAcar of mass 1500 kg travelling at 72 km h-1 is brought to rest

inis5 s. Find the

a)(a)Deceleration
b)(b)Breaking force
c)(c)Distance moved during the deceleration
Exercise 2.5.1
1. A bullet of mass 20 g travelling with a velocity of 30 m s -1

penetrates a fixed target and is brought to rest after travelling

through a distance of 0.2 m. Find the
a) time taken for the bullet to be brought to rest
b) deceleration of the bullet
90
c) retarding force of the target

Example 2.5.1

15 N

6N
Figure 2.5(a)

Figure 2.5(b)

2. A wooden block of mass 3 kg is pulled along a table with a

constant velocity by a force of 6 N as shown in Figure 2.5(a). If

the pulling force is increased to 15 N as in Figure 2.5(b), what
is
a) The resultant force?
b) The acceleration?
91

Exercise 2.5.1

2 kg

F = 0.8 N

f
2. Figure shows a trolley of mass 2 kg placed on rough

horizontal table and being pulled by a force 0.8 N. The trolley

moves at constant velocity.
a) What is the frictional force, f, between the trolley and
table?
b) The force, F, is then increased to 1.2 N. What is the
acceleration of the trolley?
c) The string is then broken when the trolley is moving. Find
the subsequent acceleration of the trolley. 92

Example 2.5.1

3. Figure shows a car of mass 1000 kg towing a caravan of

mass 600 kg by using a rope of negligible mass. The frictional

force acting on the car and the caravan are 500 N and 300 N
respectively.
93

a) The car and the caravan are moving with a uniform velocity.

What is the tension in the rope?

b) When the car and the caravan are moving with constant

acceleration of 1.5 m s-2, what is the tension in the rope?

c) The maximum tension that the rope can tolerate is 2100 N.
i. Will the rope snap is the car and the caravan moving with
ii.

uniform acceleration of 2 m s-2. explain briefly.

What is the maximum acceleration of the two cars for the
rope remain intact?

d) If the rope breaks suddenly, what is the acceleration of the

caravan?
94

Exercise 2.5.1

3. Figure shows a car of mass 900 kg being towed by a truck of

mass 1500 kg using a rope of negligible mass. The frictional

force acting on the car and the truck are 600 N and 900 N
respectively.
a) The car and the truck are moving with uniform acceleration
of 1 m s-2. What is the net force acting on the car?
b) Calculate the tension on the rope
c) The maximum tension the rope can tolerate is 3000 N.
What is the maximum acceleration of thee two vehicles for
95
the rope to remain intact?

Homework

1. (a) how is the unit of force, the

Newton, defined?

(b) State the relationship between the force acting on a body

and the acceleration produced.
2. A certain force is applied to a 2 kg mass. The mass is

accelerated at 1.5 m s-2. If the same force is applied to a 5 kg

mass, what is the acceleration of the mass?
3. A car mass 800 kg accelerates from rest to 108 km h -1 in 10 s.

What is the accelerating force developed by the car engine?

96

4. A toy of mass 800 g is pulled along a level runway with a

constant speed by a force of 2 N.

a) What is the friction on the toy car?
b) When the force is increased to 6 N, what is
i. the unbalanced force acting on it?
ii. the acceleration of the toy car?

97

2.6: ANALYSING IMPULSE AND IMPULSIVE FORCE

Impulsive Force
1. Impulsive force is defined as the rate of change of momentum
in a collision or explosion
mv mu
F
t

2. The definition of impulsive force shows that it is

(a) Inversely proportional to the time for which is acts
(b) directly proportional to the change of momentum
98

3. Examples of situation involving impulsive force of a large

magnitude are
(a) the deformation of tennis ball when struck by tennis racket
(b) driving a pile into the ground using a pile driver
(c) the huge acceleration on a football when it is kicked
4. How the magnitude of impulsive force can be reduced?
a) by increasing the time of impact will reduce the magnitude
of the force.
b) by reducing the change of momentum in the event of
collision.
The simplest way to reduce impulsive force in the event of
collision is to drive slowly

99

Impulse
1. Impulse is defined as the change of momentum

Impulse mv mu
2. From the equation

mv mu
F
t
Ft mv mu
Therefore, Impulse Ft

100

Example 2.6
1. A football of mass 0.6 kg travels at a velocity of 10 m s -1

immediately after it is kicked by the goalkeeper. If the ball is

contact with the goalkeepers boot for 0.03 s, find
(a) the change of momentum of the ball
(b) the force exerted on the ball
Exercise 2.6
1. A 300 g ball is thrown horizontally towards a vertical wall at a

velocity of 12 m s-1. On impact, the ball bounce back

horizontally at a velocity of 10 m s-1. if the ball is contact with
the wall for 0.02 s, find
(a) the impulse
101
(b) the force exerted on the ball

HOMEWORK

1. A 0.45 kg volley ball is travelling horizontally with a speed 0f

4.0 m s-1 over the net. A player then hit the ball and sends it in
the opposite direction with a speed of 6.0 m s-1.
(a) Calculate the impulse acted on the ball.
(b) If the contact time between the ball and the hand of player
is 0.05 s, what is the impulsive force applied by the
player.

102

2. A boy hits a 0.5 kg ball and sends it moving in the opposite

direction. Figure shows the magnitudes of its velocity before

and after being hit respectively. The time of contact between
the hand and the ball is 0.05 s. calculate
a) The impulse applied on the ball
b) The impulsive force exerted on the ball by the hands

103

3. Figure shows a worker receiving a watermelon thrown at him.

Explain why he moves his arm backward when receiving

watermelon.

104

2.7: SAFETY FEATURES IN VEHICLES

1. The time of impact when vehicles are involved in a collision is

normally very short.

2. This will normally lead to severe damage as the impulsive

force that acts on the vehicles and its occupant can be

extremely large.
3. The impulsive force that acts during a collision can be reduce

if the collision time is increased.

4. This can be achieved by building vehicles with a collapsible

zone to absorb the collision impact.

5. The collapsible zone protects the occupants by minimising

deformation of the passenger compartment

105

7. Safety features in vehicles

(a) Reinforce door guards to minimised side impact
(b) equipped with a strong central compartment the act as

protective shell around the vehicle's occupants.

(c) seat belts
(d) airbags
(e) the interior of vehicles heavily padded with soft plastic

materials to cushion the impact

106

2.8: UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY

1. Objects fall because they are pulled towards the earth by the

force of gravity
Gravitational force
earth
Gravitational field
2. The gravitational field of the earth is the region around the

earth which an object experiences a force towards the centre

of the earth
3. Gravitational acceleration is the acceleration of an object

due the pull of gravitational force

107

4. The gravitational field strength at a point in the gravitational

field is the gravitational force acting on mass of 1 kg placed at

that point
The gravitational field strength, g, can be calculated by the
following
F F = gravitational force
where,
g
mm = mass of body
The SI unit for g is N kg-1.
Earth gravitational field strength is 10 N kg-1.
An object that falls due to gravitational force only, is said to
experience free fall
108

Weight
1. The weight of object is defined as the gravitational force
acting on the object in the gravitational field.
2. If the mass of object is m kg, its weight can be calculated as
follows:
Weight, W = mg
where g = gravitational field strength
the SI unit for weight is Newton (N) and it is a vector quantity

109

Example 2.8

1. An astronaut has a mass 75 kg.

a) Determine astronauts weight if he is on the surface of the

earth where the gravitational field strength is 10 N kg-1?

b) What is the value of gravitational field force if hes weight
on the surface of the moon is 125 N?
2. A stone is dropped from height of a 8 m above the surface of

the moon. Calculate the time taken for the stone to reach the
surface of the moon.
1
[Moons gravitational acceleration = of the earths
6
gravitational acceleration]
110

Solution
1.

a)

w mg
75 10
750 N

2.

b) w mg

125 75 g
5
g N kg 1
3

1 2
s ut gt
2
1 1
8 m 0 ( 10 m s 2 )t 2
2 6
48
2

t
5 s 2
48
t
s
5
t 3.1 s

111

Exercise 2.8

1. The Hubble telescope has a mass of 11600 kg.

a) Determine its weight when it is resting on Earth which has

gravitational field force 10 N kg-1.

b) What is the value of gravitational field force if its weight at
a particular orbit above the earth is 95000 N?
2. A ball is dropped from a building and undergoes free fall.

What is its velocity before it touches the ground which is 100

m from where it is dropped? [g = 10 m s-2]

112

Exercise/Homework
1. What is meant for free fall?
2. List 4 differences between weight and mass
3. A rock has mass of 20 kg and weight of 90 N on the surface of
planet.
(a) What is the gravitational field strength on the surface of the
planet?
(b) What are the mass and the weight of the rock on the
surface of the earth where its gravitational field strength is
10 N kg-1?

113

2.9: FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM

1. An object at rest is in equilibrium. This is because the forces
acting on it are balanced and the resultant force is zero
2. Example:
Normal reaction

A rabbit resting
on inclined plane
Normal reaction
friction

weight

114
weight

2.9.1: Resultant Force

1. The net force that acts on an object when two or more forces

acts on it is known as the resultant force.

2. If the forces act in straight line, the resultant is found by

simple addition or subtraction.

10 N

15 N

(a) Resultant = 10 N + 15 N
= 25 N

12 N

20 N

(b) Resultant = 20 N + (-12 N)

=8N
115

3. The resultant forces that do not act in the same straight line

can be determined by using parallelogram law.

F1

F1

F2

F2

F1

+
F
1
=

F2

F2

116

Example 2.9.1

1. Find the resultant force, F, of the following forces:

(a)
F2
F1

(b)
F2

F1

117

Exercise 2.9.1

1. Find the resultant force, F, of the following forces:

(a)
F2
F1

(b)
F2

F1

118

Example 2.9.1

2. Given resultant force F = F1 F2. Which of the following

diagrams are correct?

(b)

(a)

F
F2

F2

F1

F1

(d)

(c)

F2

F1

F2
119

F1

Exercise 2.9.1

2. Given resultant force F = F2 F1. Which of the following

diagrams are correct?

(b)

(a)

F
F2

F2

F1

F1

(d)

(c)

F2

F1

F2
120

F1

Example 2.9.1

3. Determine the acceleration and the tension in the string in the

following system. [g = 10 m s-2]

4 kg
6 kg
121

Exercise 2.9.1

3. Determine the acceleration and the tension in the string in the

following system. [g = 10 m s-2]

2 kg
5 kg
122

Example 2.9.1
4. A block with a mass of 4 kg is tied with a string to a 6 kg

weight. The string passes over the pulley as shown in figure.

When the 6 kg weight is released, calculate
a) The tension of the string
b) The acceleration of the acceleration of the system

4 kg
smooth

6 kg 123

Example 2.9.1
4. A block with a mass of 3 kg is tied with a string to a 4 kg

weight. The string passes over the pulley as shown in figure.

When the 4 kg weight is released, calculate
a) The tension of the string
b) The acceleration of the acceleration of the system

3 kg
smooth

4 kg

124

2.9.2: Resolution of Force

1. A single force can be resolved into two perpendicular

components.
2. Figure shows a force F is resolved into two perpendicular

components Fx and Fy.

Fy

; With that,
Fx = F cos
Fy = F sin

Fx

125

3. Fx is the horizontal component of force F whereas Fy is the

vertical component of force F.

4. The magnitude of force, F, is:

Fx 2 Fy 2

5. The direction of force, F, is:

tan

Fy
Fx

126

Example 2.9.2
1. Two boats, P and Q are used to pull a raft carrying elephants.

Boat P uses a force of 4500 N in the direction 30o NW. Boat Q

uses a force 5000 N in the direction of 20o NE.
a) Calculate the magnitude of

resultant force.
b) Determine the direction in
which the raft in moving.

P
20o

30o

127

Exercise 2.9.2
1. A boat is being pulled by two forces with the magnitude 300 N

and 400 N respectively. Determine the magnitude and

direction of the resultant force.

300 N
25o
35o

400 N
128

2.9.3: Force in Equilibrium

1. When the force acting on an object are in equilibrium, the

resultant force acting on the object is equal to zero.

2. If the forces are revolved into horizontal and vertical

components respectively, then

a) The sum of all horizontal components of the forces is
equal to zero.

b) The sum of all vertical components of the forces is equal

to zero.

129

Example 2.9.3
R

1. The figure shows a wooden

crate at rest on an inclined plane.
Find the magnitude of R and F.

30o
W = 500 N

2. A 25 N ball hangs from the end of long string fixed on the

ceiling. A horizontal string attached to the ball is pulled until
the supporting string make an angle of with vertical as
shown in figure. If the force exerted on the horizontal string is
15 N, find
(a) The angle that the string
T
makes with the vertical,

(b) The tension T in the

15 N
supporting string
25 N

130

Exercise 2.9.3
1. A 20 kg mass suspended from a hook in the ceiling is pulled

Answer:
(a) 230.94 N
(b) 115.47 N

aside by a horizontal string until the supporting string makes

an angle of 30o with the vertical as shown in figure. Find
(a) the tension T in the supporting string
(b) the force F exerted on the horizontal string (g = 10 N kg-1)

131

2. The figure shows an aeroplane model with a mass of 500 g is

Answer: 5 N

hung from ceiling with two strings. Calculate the tension of

each string. (g = 10 N kg-1)

132

Homework
1. The figure shows a box is being pulled by a man. What is the

Answer: 19.64 N

magnitude of the resultant force that causes the box move

horizontally?

133

2. Two ropes are used to support an 1 kg mass. One rope

inclined at 30o to horizontal and the other is pulled

horizontally. What is the tension of each rope shown in figure?

F1
1 kg
30o

nswer:
1 = 20 N
2 = 17.32 N

F2

10 N

134

2.10: Work, Energy, Power and Efficiency

2.10.1: Work
F
s

1. Work is defined as the product of applied force and the

displacement of an object in the direction of applied force

W = work
W ;=where,
Fs
F = force
s = displacement
2. SI unit for work is joule (J) or Newton metre (N m)
3. Work is a scalar quantity

135

4. A constant force acts at an angle to direction of displacement.

s
The component of the force, Fcos , in direction of
displacement is used in calculating
W = Fs cos
136

Example 2.10.1
1. Figure shows a fishmonger pulling a crate of fish along the

floor with a force of 40 N through a distance of 6 m.

Determine the work done by fishmonger.

137

Exercise 2.10.1
1. Figure shows a boy pulling a wooden crate along the floor

with a force of 30 N through a distance of 5 m. Determine the

work done by the boy.

138

5. Work done against the

force of gravity

6. Force-distance graph
Force, F
a

F
h

weight

Displacement, s
b

Area under the graph

= work done
= ab

W = mgh
Where, W = work
m= mass

g = gravitational field strength

139
h = height

Example 2.10.1
2. Figure shows a girl lifting up a 3 kg flower pot steadily to a

height of 0.4 m. What is the work done by the girl?

140

Exercise 2.10.1
2. A student of mass 50 kg walks up a flight of stairs 1.5 m

height. What is the work done by the student?

1.5 m

141

2.10.2: Energy
1. Energy is defined as potential or ability to do work
2. SI unit is joule (J)
3. Energy is a scalar quantity

Kinetic Energy,
Ek
1. Energy possessed by a moving object
2. It is a scalar quantity and measured in joule (J)

1 2
Kinetic Energy, E K mv
2
142

Example 2.10.2
1. What is the kinetic energy of a man of mass 50 kg jogging at

a velocity of 3 m s1?

Exercise 2.10.2
1. The kinetic energy of a motorcycle travelling at 10 m s1 is 1.5

x 104 J. Calculate the kinetic energy of the motorcycle when

its velocity is increased to 30 m s1?
143

Potential Energy
1. Energy possessed by an object due to its shape or position
2. Gravitational potential energy
= energy carried by an object do to its different height above
earth surface

Gravitational potential energy, Ep = mgh

F
h

weight

144

Example 2.10.2
2. In diving competition, a boy of mass 40 kg stands on a 3 m

high springboard. What is the gravitational potential energy of

the boy?

Exercise 2.10.2
2. An aeroplane of mass 4 x 105 kg is flying at height 8 km at

velocity 240 ms-1. Calculate the gravitational potential energy

of the aeroplane. -2
[g = 10 ms ]
145

Principle conservation of energy

1. The energy can be transferred or transformed from one form to
another when work is done
2. Energy cannot be created or destroyed
3. The total energy in a system is constant. This means there is
no energy gained or lost in the process
4. The principle conservation of energy states that the total
energy in isolated system is neither created nor destroyed by
any transformation. Energy can be transformed from one kind
to another, but the total amount stays the same.
146

+
Sound energy

1. The stone has kinetic energy as it leaves the hand

2. As it moves upwards, kinetic energy changes to potential

energy
3. At the highest point, the stone has only potential energy
4. As it falls, potential energy changes to kinetic energy
147
5. Just before it strikes the table, it has only kinetic energy

Example 2.10.2
3. A 2 kg durian fall from height of 12 m to the ground.
a) What is the loss of potential energy when durian is 3 m

above the ground?

b) Calculate the velocity of the durian at this height.
[g = 10 m s-2]

148

Exercise 2.10.2
Assume g = 10 m s-2 for all questions
3. In a softball game, a ball was miss hit and flew vertically

upwards with an initial velocity of 15 m s-1. What is the

maximum height attained by the ball?
4. A stone was dropped from a height of 7.2 m above the

ground. What is the velocity of the stone when it strikes the

ground?

149

2.10.3: Power

1. Power, P, is the rate of which work is done or rate of energy

transformed.
Work done, W
Power, P
time taken, t
Energy tra nsformed, E

time taken, t
2. SI unit is J s-1 or watt (W)
3. It is scalar quantity
150

Example 2.10.3
1. A crane with an output power 12 kW is used to lift a steel bar

of mass 400 kg to a height of 20 m. What is the time taken by

the crane to do this work?
[g = 10 m s-2]

Exercise 2.10.3
1. In

the snatch event of a weightlifting competition, a

weightlifter lifts 140 kg from the floor to a height of 1.2 m
above the floor in one complete movement in a time of 0.8 s.
What is the power generated by the weightlifter during his
151
time? [g = 10 m s-2]

4. Power can be express in other form as follows:

W
P
t
Fs
P
t
s
P F
t
P Fv

; that is, Power force velocity OR P Fv

152

Example 2.10.3
2. A car moves at a constant velocity of 72 km h-1. Find the

power generated by the car if the force of friction that acts on

it is 1500 N.

Exercise 2.10.3
2. A trolley with mass of 29 kg is moving with a constant velocity

of 3 m s-1 on a smooth surface. If a force of 40 N acts on the

trolley, calculate the power of the trolley.
153

2.10.4: Efficiency
1. Efficiency is the percentage of the input energy that is
transformed to a useful form of output energy
Useful
energy
output

Energy
input

Waste energy output

154

Formula in term of power

Useful power output, Pout
Efficiency
100%
Power input, Pin

Formula in term of energy

Useful energy output, E out
Efficiency
100%
Energy input, E in

155

Example 2.10.4
1. An incline plane of length 10 m is used to raise a load of 500

N by 1 m as shown in figure. If the force used to pull the load

along the inclined plane is 100 N, calculate the efficiency of
the inclined plane.

m
10

1m

156

Exercise 2.10.4
1. An electric motor of a crane can lift a 120 kg weight to a

height 4 m in 8 s. During this time the motor is supplied with

12 kJ of electrical energy. Calculate
a) the useful power output of the motor
b) the efficiency of the motor

157

Homework
1. Figure shows a boy pulling a wooden crate along a floor.

Answer: 75 J

What is the work done by the boy when he moved the crate
through a distance of 5 m?

158

2. Figure shows a small wooden block of mass 0.2 kg sliding

Answer: 5 J

down a smooth inclined surface. Calculate the work done by

the force of gravity on the wooden block.

159

3. Figure shows a man of mass 65 kg walks from X to Y. What is

Answer: 1300 J

the work done by the man against the force of gravity?

160

4. Figure shows a trainee of mass 56 kg glides down from a

Answer : (a) 11200 J

(b) 4032 J

platform to the ground. His velocity when reaching on the

ground is 12 m s-1.

a) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy of

the trainee.
b) What is the kinetic energy when he reaches the ground?
c) Explain the difference in your answer in (a)
161and (b).

2.12: UNDERSTANDING ELASTICITY

1. Elasticity is the ability of an object to return to its original shape

and dimension when the applied external force is removed.
2. Elasticity is shown by solid only. All solid are elastic.
3. Elasticity of solids is due to strong intermolecular forces
between the molecules of the solid.

162

Condition

Arrangement
of atom

Equilibrium

Compressed

Pulled /
stretch

Type of force that takes effect

- Repulsive force is equal to
attractive force
- resultant force is equal to zero

Repulsive force

Attractive force

- Repulsive force
- Repulsive force pushes the
atoms return to their equilibrium
position when compressive force
is removed
- Attractive force
- Attractive force pulls the atoms
return to their equilibrium position
when stretching force is removed
163

Hookes Law
1. Hookes law states that the force, F, applied to a spring is
directly proportional to the springs extension or compression,
x, provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.
2. Elastic limit of a spring is the maximum force can be applied to
a spring before it loses its elasticity.
3. If a force stretches a spring beyond it elastic limit, the spring
will be unable to return to its original length.
4. The spring is said to have a permanent extension.

164

5. For a spring that obeys Hookes law,

F = force on the spring

x = extension / compression

F x,

Therefore
F = kx
where
k = force constant of the spring. Unit of k is N m -1 or N cm-1
F (N)

From force-extension graph

spring constant, k graph gradient
b

b
a

x (m)

165

Figures show the force-extension graph for two different spring

F (N)

F (N)

Elastic limit

x (m)

1. Obeys Hookes law up

to elastic limit.
2. Does not obey Hookes
law when elastic limit
exceeded.

x (m)

1. Does not obey Hookes

law at all

166

Example 2.12
1. The length of a spring is increased from 23 cm to 28 cm when

a mass of 4 kg was hung from the end of a spring.

a) What is the load on the spring in newtons?
b) What is the extension of the spring?
c) Calculate the force constant of the spring.
[g = 10 m s-2]

167

Exercise 2.12
1. The diagram below shows before and after stretching of a

spring. The length of spring, increases from 15 cm to 23 cm

when a mass of 7.5 kg hung from the end of the spring.
Calculate
a) the extension of spring
b) force constant of the spring

168

2.12.1: Spring System

Series

Differences

Parallel

Arrangement of
springs

Spring constant on each spring = k

169

Continue

Series
x
Less stiff
Load is applied to
each of the spring

1
ks k
2

Characteristics
Parallel
Extension of each
x
2
spring
Stiffness
Stiffer
Load sharing
Load is shared
equally among two
springs
Spring constant
ks : for series
kp : for parallel

k p 2k
170

Example 2.12.1
1. Figure shows three identical springs supporting a 100 N load.

State the tension in each of the springs.

171

Exercise 2.12.1
1. Figure shows identical springs.

What is the value of Y?

172

2.12.2: Elastic Potential Energy

1. Work is done when a force is used to extend or compress and
elastic materials.
2. The work done is stored in the material as elastic potential
energy.
Force, F / N

Extension, x / m

173

Elastic potential energy, E p Work done

Area under graph
1
E p Fx
2

Since, F = kx
Ep

1
kx x
2

1 2
E p kx
2
174

Example 2.12.1
1. A 2 kg load is hung from the end of a spring with a force

constant of 160 N m-1.

a) What is the tension in the spring?
b) What is the extension of the spring?
c) Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the spring.
[g = 10 m s-2]

175

Exercise 2.12.1
1. Figure shows a spring before and after being compressed by

a load.

What is the elastic potential energy stored in the spring.

176
[g = 10 m s-2]

Homework
1. A force of 6 N on a spring compress the spring from 10 cm to

8 cm. what is the force constant of the spring?

2. A 20 N force extends a spring from 14 to 16 cm.
a) What is the force constant of the spring?
b) Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the spring.

Answer: 1) 3 N cm-1

2) a) 10 N cm-1

b) 0.2 J

177

3. Figure shows a system that is made up of five identical

Answer: (a) 72 N
(b) 24 N and 1 cm
36 N and 1.5 cm
(c) 2.5 cm

springs. The force constant of each spring is 24 N cm -1.

a) What is the load on the system in newtons?
b) Determine the tension in each spring and its extension
c) Hence, determine the total extension of the system of
spring

178

4. Figure shows the force-extension graph for a spring.

a) What is the elastic limit of the spring

b) What is the force constant of the spring
c) Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the spring

when the extension is 12 cm

179

Answer: (a) 1.8 N

(b) 0.15 N cm

-1

(c) 0.108 J