CARPAL TUNNEL

SYNDROME (CTS)

Prepared by : Hani Nazrina Hanizar & Hanisah Zainuddin

Supervised by : Norhazizah Yusof

OUTLINE
Introduction

Lets get some infos

about Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome.

Physiological
Process
Statistics of
Cases
Causes/Factor
s
Symptoms

Treatments

References

INTRODUCTI
ONS

The carpal tunnel is formed

between the carpal bones of the
wrist and the transverse carpal
ligament.

The ligament is an unyielding thick

fibrous tissue which does not allow for
changes in volume within the carpal
tunnel.

Carpal Tunnel

INTRODUCTI
ONS

1
2
3

Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a
collection of symptoms and signs that
occurs following entrapment of the median
nerve within the carpal tunnel

Usual symptoms include

numbness, parentheses, and
pain in the median nerve
distribution.

These symptoms may or may not be

accompanied by objective changes in
sensation and strength of medianinnervated structures in the hand.

PHYSIOLOGICAL
PROCESS

The tendons of the hands are wrapped with a lining that

produce a synovium fluid which lubricates the tendons

With repetitive movement of the hand, the lubrication system

may malfunction

This reduction in lubrication results in inflammation and

swelling of the tendon area

Abnormally high carpal tunnel pressures exist in patients with

CTS.
This pressure causes obstruction to venous outflow, back
pressure, edema formation, and ultimately, ischemia in the
nerve.

STATISTICS OF
CASES
CTS Statistics

As many as 1 in 10 Americans will experience

CTS at some point in their lives
Female to male ration = 4:1
More than 50% of patients with CTS have
bilateral involvement, though symptoms are
usually worse in dominant hand
The peak age range for development of CTS is
45-60 years. Only 10% of patients with CTS are
younger than 31 years

CAUSES/FACT
ORS

CTS is associated with many diferent factors

Demographic : Increasing age, Female sex,

Dominant hand, Race (white) [3]
Genetic : Square wrist, Thickened transverse
ligament, Short stature
Medical Condition : Diabetes, Thyroid disease,
Hereditary neuropathy, Arthritis [3]
Occupation : Due to repetitive movement
Injury or trauma
Pregnancy
Most cases have no known cause

CAUSES/FACT
ORS
Obesity
Hypothyroidism
Diabetes (prevalence 14%-30% with
neuropathy)
Pregnancy (~50% prevalence)
Renal disease
Inflammatory arthritis
Acromegaly
Mucopolysaccharidosis
Genetics (twin study)
Age (>50)
Smoking

CAUSES/FACT
ORS
Work Related Causes
Repetitive Task

Profession

Grabbing & tugging cloth

Tailor, sewer

Handling objects on conveyor belt

Assembly-line worker

Hand weeding

Gardener

Using spray gun

Painter

Knitting

Homemaker

Turning keys

Locksmith

Typing

Clerical worker

Using scanner at checkout counter

Cashier

Scrubbing

Janitor

Stringed instruments

Musician

CAUSES/FACT
ORS
Non-Work Related
Causes
Arthritis
Diabetes
Thyroid gland imbalance
Gout
Broken or dislocated bones of the wrist
Hormonal changes associated with menopause
Oral use of contraceptives
Pregnancy
Wrist cysts
Gynecological surgery

SYMPTO
MS

Wrist starts aching with unrelieved

pain.
Tingling, numbness and pain in the
hand that may extend to the arm.
Hand is swollen and the fingers feel
thick with swelling
Dry skin, swelling or colour changes
in the hand.
Thinning of muscles near the base of
the afected thumb.
Clumsiness or weakness in the hand.

***initially, symptoms are infrequent,

becoming constant over time and may
be made worse by sustained arm or
hand positions.***

Lets prevent
Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome

REFEREN
CES

Moore K. L. & Dalley A.F ,

2006, Lippincott Williams and
Wilkins Clinically oriented
anatomy, Chapter 6 Upper
Limbs, 6:818

http://emedicine.medscape.com
/article/327330
accessed on 20th July 2016

http://www.bupa.co.uk/in
dividuals/health-informa
tion/directory/c/carpaltunnel
accessed on 20th July
2016

http://www.concordortho
.com/patient-education/
topic-detail-popup.aspx
?topicID=699047371a7cfe
a5c5064b8bdb7d68b5
accessed on 20th July
http://www.findarthritistreatm
ent.com/6-main-symptoms-of-car 2016
pal-tunnel-syndrome/
accessed on 20th July 2016

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