INTRODUCTION

Advancement in computing power have

enable continued growth in virtual reality,
visualization and simulation technology
Virtual reality is defined as human
computer interface that simulate realistic
environments while enabling participant
interaction, as a 3D digital world that
accurately models actual environment.

Need for Virtual Surgery

In surgery, the life of the patient is of

utmost importance.
Many patient have lost lives because
of surgical errors.
VR provide good tool to experiment
the various complications arise during
surgery

Introduction of Virtual
Surgery
It refers to a virtual reality simulation
Actual patient is not required
Doctors can practice on a virtual patient
before performing the surgery

What is Virtual Surgery

Virtual Surgery, in general is a Virtual reality

technique of simulating surgery, which helps
surgeons improve surgery plans and practice
surgery process on 3D models.
The virtual surgery is based on the patient
specific model, so when real surgery takes
place, the surgeon is already familiar with all
the specific operations that are to be
employed

HISTORY
The first virtual surgery was performed in 17
Aug 2009 when Dr. David clarke in
Halifax,Nova Scotia removed a brain tumour
24 hours after removing a simulated tissue.
Project Odysseus was developed to form a 3D
image of a persons liver to allow surgeons to
train before a surgery.
France Telecom also develop a communication
system for the project callde argonaute

Virtual Reality Technique

It is a virtual reality technique of simulating
surgery procedure
It helps surgeons in improving surgery plans
They practice surgery process on 3D models
Virtual surgical tools or gloves are connected
to motion sensors where the users can
physically feel the difference in simulated
tissue and organs.

Virtual Reality Application

Training & education

Surgical planning
Image Guidance
Tele surgery

Training & Education

Traditionally textbooks images or cadavers
were used
Today VR simulators are becoming the
training method
It allows the users to view the anatomy from
wide range of angles

Surgical Planninig
Traditionally surgeon calculates various
parameter & procedures
This leads to lot of errors
Virtual reality helps in reducing errors
Plans surgery in reliable manner

IMAGE GUIDANCE
The integration of advanced imaging
technology, image processing and 3D
graphical capabilities has led to great
interest in image guidance and computeraided surgery.
It also provide useful in Robotic Surgery, a
new technique in which surgeon remotely
manipulate robotic tool inside the patient
body

Tele Surgery
Allows surgeon to operate on people
People are physically seperated from
themselves
Done through master-slave robot

Virtual Reality Simulation

3D image simulation
Touch simulation

3D Image Simulation
Generate a 3D model
Depending upon this simulation needed, anatomical
images can be derived from series of patients MRI
or video recording, which are 2D images.
Images are segmented and constraints are imposed.

Cont

Then we construct a reference model.

After that obtain final model by deforming the
reference model.

Touch Simulation
Simulating haptic touch sensation.
Calculation of force applied to cut &
punchers the various tissue.
Haptic goes a long way to make virtual
reality simulators more life like

Virtual Reality Simulators

Consist of powerful PC
Run the software
To interact with virtual environment
The addition of haptics to virtual
environments has provided computer users
with the ability of expression in multiple
dimension.

Importance of VR
Minimizes the no of medical mistakes
Effective use minimal access surgical
technique
Better training in anatomy and surgical skill
which reduces the need for cadavers.

Disadvantages

Short coming in realism of simulation

Costly
Need human computer interfaces
Conflicts between sensory information